Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factor associated with persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms at 3-month follow-up.
| Univariate (n = 991) | Multivariable (n = 620) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-COVID | RR (95% CI) | p-Value | |||
| No | Yes | p-value | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 57.85 (12.9) | 58.74 (11.5) | 0.3 | ||
| Female sex, n (%) | 66 (25.4) | 260 (35.6) | <0.01 | 1.69 (1.23–2.32) | <0.01 |
| SOFA, mean (SD) | 4.6 (2.8) | 5.2 (3.1) | 0.01 | ||
| SOFA > 4, n (%) | 65 (39.6) | 244 (51.6) | <0.01 | 1.23 (0.90–1.67) | 0.2 |
| CHF, n (%) | 28 (10.8) | 64 (8.8) | 0.3 | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 115 (44.2) | 326 (44.7) | 0.9 | ||
| COPD, n (%) | 18 (6.9) | 63 (8.6) | 0.4 | ||
| Asthma, n (%) | 21 (8.1) | 44 (6) | 0.2 | ||
| CKD, n (%) | 10 (3.8) | 43 (5.9) | 0.2 | ||
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 0 | 13 (1.8) | 0.02 | -* | - |
| Mild liver failure, n (%) | 5 (1.9) | 14 (1.9) | 0.9 | ||
| Neurological, n (%) | 9 (3.5) | 39 (5.3) | 0.3 | ||
| Dementia, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 0.7 | ||
| Autoimmune, n (%) | 11 (4.2) | 45 (6.2) | 0.2 | ||
| Gastrointestinal, n (%) | 15 (5.8) | 65 (8.9) | 0.1 | ||
| Endocrine, n (%) | 17 (6.5) | 58 (7.9) | 0.4 | ||
| Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2), n (%) | 98 (37.7) | 293 (40.1) | 0.5 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 46 (17.7) | 140 (19.2) | 0.6 | ||
| Haematological disease, n (%) | 13 (5) | 39 (5.3) | 0.8 | ||
| Solid cancer, n (%) | 8 (3.1) | 21 (2.9) | 0.8 | ||
| Transplant, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (1.2) | 0.7 | ||
| HIV, n (%) | 0 | 4 (0.5) | 0.5 | ||
| Oxygen requirement, n (%) | 248 (99.2) | 723 (99.7) | 0.2 | ||
| NIV, n (%) | 68 (26.5) | 280 (38.9) | <0.01 | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.9 |
| iMV, n (%) | 155 (59.6) | 510 (70.2) | <0.01 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 0.6 |
| Prone, n (%) | 136 (52.3) | 431 (59.4) | 0.04 | ||
| Tracheostomy, n (%) | 52 (20) | 260 (35.8) | <0.01 | ||
| ICU length of stay, mean (SD), days | 14.3 (12.2) | 22.2 (18.2) | <0.01 | ||
| ICU length of stay >14 days, n (%) | 91 (35) | 382 (52.3) | <0.01 | 1.54 (1.11–2.14) | <0.01 |
| ECMO, n (%) | 52 (2 (0.8) | 16 (2.2) | 0.1 | ||
| CRRT, n (%) | 7 (2.7) | 47 (6.5) | 0.02 | ||
| Shock, n (%) | 132 (51.6) | 46 (64.3) | <0.01 | ||
| NMB, n (%) | 124 (48.2) | 430 (59.6) | <0.01 | ||
| Corticosteroids, n (%) | 207 (80.5) | 543 (75.3) | 0.1 | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.1 |
| CPR, n (%) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (0.7) | 0.9 | ||
| ICUAP, n (%) | 41 (15.9) | 219 (30.2) | <0.01 | 1.88 (1.22–2.90) | <0.01 |
| ARDS, n (%) | 175 (68.4) | 564 (77.6) | <0.01 | 1.41 (1.08–1.83) | 0.01 |
| NTX, n (%) | 9 (3.5) | 36 (5.0) | 0.4 | ||
| COP, n (%) | 11 (4.3) | 35 (4.9) | 0.9 | ||
| PE, n (%) | 33 (13) | 64 (9) | 0.08 | ||
| Delirium, n (%) | 52 (20.1) | 182 (25.1) | 0.1 | ||
Data are mean (SD) or number of patients (%) for the univariate analysis and estimated RRs (95% CIs) of the explanatory variables in the persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms group for the multivariable analysis. Multivariable model is generalized linear model, considering a binomial probability distribution and a log link function. The RR represents the risk that the presence of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms will occur given exposure of the explanatory variable, compared to the risk of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. The p-value for the multivariable analysis is based on the null hypothesis that all RRs relating to an explanatory variable equal unity (no effect). Abbreviations: RR: Relative risk. CI: Confidence interval. SD: Standard deviation. SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. CHF: congestive heart failure. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CKD: Chronic kidney disease. BMI: Body Mass Index. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus. NIVM: Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. IMV: Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. ICU: Intensive Care Unit. ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy. NMB: Neuromuscular blockade. CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. ICUAP: Intensive Care Unit acquired pneumonia. ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome. * Not shown because of the presence of a zero-cell count in cirrhosis manifested an unbelievably large, estimated coefficient.