Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory activities of protopine.

In Vivo/In Vivo	Signaling Pathway	Effects	References
LPS-induced AKI mouse model	apoptosis and TLR4	reduces levels of BUN, Scr, inflammatory cells, and inflammatory factors (IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2)	[7]
PS-stimulated BV2 cell model	NF-κB andMAPK	inhibits the production of iNOS, COX-2, and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6)	[3]
CA-induced mouse model	NF-κB	inhibits the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and alleviated paw edema	[3]
LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell model	NF-κB andMAPK	reduces the production of NO, COX-2 and PGE2	[8]
CA-induced rat model		inhibits paw edema	[3]