Table 1.
Socio-demographic factors, reproductive and obstetric conditions, food and dietary habits, and psychosocial characteristics.
| Characteristics | Baseline n = 991 |
Lost to Follow-Up n = 406 |
Completed the Study, n = 585 |
p-Value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at inclusion, mean (SD) | 29.3 (6.5) | 28.9 (6.5) | 29.6 (6.5) | 0.111 |
| <25 years | 273 (27.6) | 120 (29.6) | 153 (26.1) | 0.478 |
| 25–34 years | 490 (49.5) | 197 (48.5) | 293 (50.1) | |
| ≥35 years | 228 (23.0) | 89 (21.9) | 139 (23.8) | |
| Rural by residence, n (%) | 647 (65.3) | 244 (60.1) | 403 (68.9) | 0.004 |
| Educational status, n (%) | 0.186 | |||
| No formal education | 362 (36.5) | 136 (33.5) | 226 (38.6) | |
| Primary education | 326 (32.9) | 135 (33.3) | 191 (32.7) | |
| Secondary education and above | 303 (30.6) | 135 (33.3) | 168 (28.7) | |
| Occupational status, n (%) $ | 0.005 | |||
| Farmer | 541 (54.6) | 197 (48.5) | 344 (58.8) | |
| Housewife | 337 (34.0) | 159 (39.2) | 178 (30.4) | |
| Others * | 113 (11.4) | 50 (12.3) | 63 (10.8) | |
| Economic status | 0.845 | |||
| Lowest | 198 (20.0) | 84 (20.7) | 114 (19.5) | |
| Low | 198 (20.0) | 81 (20.0) | 117 (20.0) | |
| Middle | 200 (20.2) | 83 (20.4) | 117 (20.0) | |
| High | 200 (20.2) | 85 (20.9) | 115 (19.7) | |
| Highest | 195 (19.6) | 73 (18.0) | 122 (20.8) | |
| Household size, mean (SD) | 5.5 (2.0) | 5.3 (2.0) | 5.6 (2.0) | 0.027 |
| Model household, n (%) | 242 (24.4) | 106 (26.1) | 136 (23.3) | 0.303 |
| History of pre-pregnancy illness, n (%) | 142 (14.3) | 56 (13.8) | 86 (14.7) | 0.688 |
| Level of physical activity, n (%) | 0.058 | |||
| Low | 527 (53.2) | 226 (55.7) | 301 (51.4) | |
| Moderate | 425 (42.9) | 159 (39.1) | 266 (45.5) | |
| High | 39 (3.9) | 21 (5.2) | 18 (3.1) | |
| Total support score, mean (SD) | 21.3 (3.8) | 21.3 (3.9) | 21.3 (3.7) | 0.944 |
| Low social support, n (%) | 75 (7.6) | 38 (9.4) | 37 (6.3) | 0.413 |
| Improved source of drinking water, n (%) | 888 (89.6) | 367 (90.4) | 521 (89.1) | 0.499 |
| Improved sanitation facility, n (%) | 135 (13.6) | 51 (12.6) | 84 (14.4) | 0.417 |
| Number of stressful life events, mean (SD) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.161 |
| Total perinatal distress score (n = 938), mean (SD) | 19.0 (9.2) | 19.0 (9.2) | 19.1 (9.2) | 0.890 |
| Level of perinatal distress (n = 938), n (%) | ||||
| Not distressed at all | 532 (56.7) | 207 (58.6) | 325 (55.6) | 0.792 |
| Distressed in one domain | 201 (21.4) | 71 (20.1) | 130 (22.2) | |
| Distressed in two domains | 118 (12.6) | 42 (11.9) | 76 (13.0) | |
| Distressed in three domains | 87 (9.3) | 33 (9.4) | 54 (9.2) | |
| Total parity, mean (SD) $ | 3.7 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.3) | 0.013 |
| Primigravida | 196 (19.8) | 88 (21.7) | 108 (18.5) | 0.038 |
| Two to three | 341 (34.4) | 154 (37.9) | 187 (32.0) | |
| Four to five | 239 (24.1) | 89 (28.9) | 150 (25.6) | |
| More than five | 215 (21.7) | 75 (18.5) | 140 (23.9) | |
| Unplanned pregnancy, n (%) | 405 (40.9) | 161 (39.7) | 244 (41.7) | 0.518 |
| Intimate partner violence score, mean (SD) | 6.9 (3.0) | 6.9 (3.1) | 6.9 (3.0) | 0.933 |
| Experienced intimate partner violence, n(%) | 161 (16.3) | 75 (18.5) | 86 (14.7) | 0.113 |
| Women empowerment score, mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.5 (1.6) | 5.6 (1.4) | 0.202 |
| Low women empowerment, n (%) | 114 (11.5) | 47 (11.6) | 67 (11.5) | 0.952 |
| Adequacy of prenatal care use, n (%) | 0.829 | |||
| Inadequate | 418 (42.2) | 170 (41.9) | 248 (42.4) | |
| Intermediate | 126 (12.7) | 56 (13.8) | 70 (12.0) | |
| Adequate | 389 (39.3) | 158 (38.9) | 231 (39.5) | |
| Adequate plus | 58 (5.9) | 22 (5.4) | 36 (6.1) | |
| History of illness during pregnancy, n (%) | 225 (22.7) | 116 (28.6) | 109 (18.6) | 0.000 |
| Number of pregnancy complications, mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.5) | 0.270 |
| Number of complications at birth, mean (SD) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.259 |
| Dietary diversity score, mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.4) | 0.051 |
| Adequate dietary diversity score, n (%) | 518 (52.3) | 219 (53.9) | 299 (51.1) | 0.380 |
| Food insecurity score, median (IQR) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) | 0.604 a |
| Food insecure, n (%) | 392 (39.6) | 155 (38.2) | 237 (40.5) | 0.459 |
| Fasting, n (%) | 694 (70.0) | 290 (71.4) | 404 (69.1) | 0.423 |
| Exclusive breastfeeding in months, mean (SD) | 5.4 (1.2) | — | 5.4 (1.2) | — |
| Exclusive breastfeeding (n = 585), n (%) | 439 (73.5) | — | 439 (73.5) | — |
1 For comparisons between women who were lost to follow-up and those who successfully completed the study, * Students, unemployed, and so on, $ The difference between women who were lost to follow-up and those who successfully completed the study was insignificant after stratification by residence. p-Values written in bold show significant difference.