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. 2021 Dec 24;27(1):104. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010104

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular targets of valproic acid. Different targets regulated by valproic acid are represented by arrows for neurological disorders (epilepsy, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD), encephalomyelitis), haemorrhagic shock, ischemia, injury (radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), kidney injury), cardiac hypertrophy (CH) and cancers (leukaemia, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), multiple myeloma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), hepatocellular carcinoma). The green arrows indicate upregulation of expression and red arrows indicate inhibition/downregulation of target gene.