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. 2021 Dec 31;27(1):242. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010242

Table 1.

Urinary concentrations of PAH metabolites (OHPAHs; median and/or range, expressed as µmol/mol creatinine) reported in the Portuguese population.

PAH Metabolites 1
City Population
n (Age, Years)		 Notes 1OHNaph + 1OHAce a 2OHFlu 1OHPhe 1OHPy ∑OHPAHs Reference
Chaves Children (3–6) Morning void n.r. (0.12–12.0) (0.08–0.59) (0.08–0.91) (0.28–13.5) * [79]
Last-night void n.r. (0.01–0.61) (0.03–0.27) (0.01–0.35) (0.05–1.23) *
Children Morning and last-night voids [9]
Porto 27 (3–5) Boys (n = 17) 4.42
(5.11 × 10−2–14.4)		 0.126 (1.26 × 10−2–1.34) 5.53 × 10−2 (1.75 × 10−2–0.301) 5.72 × 10−2 (1.93 × 10−2–0.246) 4.75
(0.240–15.4)
Girls (n = 10) 3.90
(0.178–7.46)		 0.124 (5.82 × 10−2–0.866) 5.63 × 10−2 (3.80 × 10−2–0.121) 6.58 × 10−2 (2.05 × 10−2–0.128) 4.15
(0.345–7.71)
Chaves 16 (3–5) Boys (n = 5) 3.49
(1.27–7.76)		 0.324 (0.104–0.910) 8.53 × 10−2 (7.05 × 10−2–0.270) 0.117
(4.15 × 10−2–0.941)		 4.02
(1.54–9.07)
Girls (n = 11) 3.73
(8.51 × 10−2–9.40)		 0.221 (0.114–0.482) 0.138
(6.14 × 10−2–0.430)		 0.184
(4.94 × 10−2–0.276)		 4.27
(0.556–9.67)
Bragança Adults Control group 1.40 (0.03–4.14) 0.06 (5.67 × 10−4–0.48) 0.04 (6.71 × 10−3–0.21) 0.03 (1.84 × 10−3–0.23) 1.59 (0.10–4.27) [27]
Non-smoking exposed firefighters 1.54 (0.60–121) 0.09 (5.67 × 10−4–0.47) 0.06 (0.02–0.29) 0.04 (1.84 × 10−3–0.19) 1.68 (0.82–121)
Smoking exposed firefighters 5.61 (1.18–47.8) 0.62 (0.29–1.61) 0.04 (0.02–0.19) 0.04 (3.69 × 10−3–0.85) 6.96 (1.52–48.6)
Bragança Adults
75 (22–48)		 Post-shift void; Non-smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities (0.138–3.59) (1.39 × 10−2–0.182) (1.21 × 10−2–8.38 × 10−2) (1.35 × 10−2–0.146) (0.259–3.71) [10]
Bragança Adults
78 (33–41)		 Post-shift void
Non-smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities n.r. n.r. n.r. (1.3 × 10−2–6.3 × 10−2) (1.3 × 10−2–6.3 × 10−2) * [58]
Smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities n.r. n.r. n.r. (8.0 × 10−3–3.9 × 10−2) (8.0 × 10−3–3.9 × 10−2) *
Bragança Adults
153 (21–55)		 Post-shift void [47]
Non-smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities (0.138–1.46) (2.31 × 10−2–0.200) (1.06 × 10−2–7.47 × 10−2) (1.21× 10−2–5.44 × 10−2) (0.249–1.57)
Non-smoking and exposed to firefighting activities (0.708–8.25) (2.65 × 10−2–1.33) (3.30 × 10−2–8.21 × 10−2) (1.73 × 10−2–0.152) (0.973–8.75)
Bragança Adults
108 (21–60)		 Post-shift void [39]
Non-smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities (0.394–0.971) (1.75 × 10−2–0.201) (7.95 × 10−3–7.40 × 10–2) (8.85 × 10−3–6.80 × 10−2) (0.161–0.817)
Non-smoking and exposed to firefighting activities (0.676–2.96) (2.20 × 10−2–0.520) (1.61 × 10−2–0.204) (2.37 × 10−2–0.144) (0.817–2.06)
Smoking and exposed to firefighting activities (1.61–4.38) (0.257–1.53) (3.03 × 10−2–0.146) (4.41 × 10−2–0.462) (1.91–5.71)
Bragança Adults
33 (21–40)		 Post-shift void [40]
Non-smoking and non-exposed to firefighting activities 1.38 (0.58–2.28) 0.11 (1.5 × 10−3–0.13) 0.09 (0.02–0.17) 0.04 (0.02–0.10) 1.59 (0.76–2.57)
Non-smoking and exposed to firefighting activities 2.75 (0.60–121) 0.06 (8.2 × 10−4–0.19) 0.06 (0.03–0.28) 0.02 (1.7 × 10−3–0.19) 3.12 (0.86–121)
Porto Adults
18 (20–48)		 Non-smoking and non-exposed to grilling activities 0.098 (0.029–1.41) 0.018 (1.24 × 10−4–0.133) 0.031 (0.016–0.088) 0.049 (0.013–0.188) 0.298 (0.097–1.66) [30]
Non-smoking and exposed to grilling activities 2.23 (0.025–42.1) 0.112 (8.49 × 10−5 –15.5) 0.073 (2.51 × 10−4–0.719) 0.086 (0.011–1.09) 2.77 (0.213–42.3)

n.r.: not reported. 1 1OHNaph: 1-hydroxynaphthalene; 1OHAce: 1-hydroxyacenaphthene; 2OHFlu: 2-hydroxyfluorene; 1OHPhen: 1-hydroxyphenanthrene; 1OHPy: 1-hydroxypyrene; 3OHB(a)P: 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; ∑OHPAHs: sum of all PAH metabolites. * Range of ∑OHPAH levels were determined as the sum of the minimum and maximum concentrations reported for each metabolite detected. a Concentrations of 1OHNaph and 1OHAce were determined together.