Table 2.

Concentrations (µg L⁻¹) of pesticides reported in the Portuguese population.

Pesticide	Matrix	Sample	Incidence (%)	Range	Average ± SD	Reference
Σ-Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α, β, ϒ)	Serum	Coimbra (n = 44; urban) Verride (n = 70; rural) Ereira (n = 89; rural)	20.45 22.86 10.11	1.08–114.4 1.08–265.8 1.08–45.5	10 ± 22.8 13 ± 36.6 6.1 ± 8.6	[80]
Σ-DDT			34.09 20 37.08	<12.5–814.9 <12.5–70.7 <12.5–427.9	93.5 ± 140.9 43.9 ± 9.7 56 ± 50
p,p′ DDT			4.55 NQ NQ	<37.5–814.9 NQ NQ	37.5 ± 120 18.8 18.8
o,p′-DDT			9.09 1.43 4.49	<15–141.0 <15–20.7 <15–256.7	15.4 ± 26.6 7.7 ± 1.6 10.8 ± 26.5
p,p′-DDE			20.45 18.57 30.34	<12.5–390.5 <12.5–43.5 <12.5–171.2	28.6 ± 75 9.5 ± 8.1 14.6 ± 20.6
p,p′-DDD			6.82 2.86 8.89	<15–95.3 <15–25.9 <15–199.1	12 ± 17.4 7.95 ± 2.7 11.9 ± 23.2
Aldrin			6.82 NQ NQ	<5–372.9 NQ NQ	17.4 ± 65.3 2.5 ± 0.0 2.5 ± 0.0
Dieldrin			6.82 NQ NQ	<14.5–356.4 NQNQ	22.3 ± 61.9 7.3 ± 0.0 7.3 ± 0.0
Heptachlor epoxide (HE)			11.36 NQ NQ	<12.5–239.1 NQ NQ	14.8 ± 36.6 6.3 ± 0.0 6.3 ± 0.0
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)			6.82 NQ NQ	<12.5–393.3 NQ NQ	20 ± 64.3 6.3 ± 0.0 6.5 ± 2.3
Endosulfan sulphate			2.27 NQ 1.12	<15–547.6 NQ <15–108.8	19.8 ± 81.4 7.5 ± 0.0 8.6 ± 10.7
Σ-HCH	Serum	160 students	21.3	<1.08–472.2	24.9 ± 71.6	[82]
Σ-DDT			56.3	<12.5–569	74.7 ± 92.2
p,p′-DDE			30	<12.5–175	18.3 ± 27.8
p,p′-DDD			25	<15–237	18.0 ± 30.5
o,p′-DDT			28.1	<15–361	24.8 ± 48.0
p,p′-DDT			8.1	<37.5–98.5	21.9 ± 12.3
HCB			10	<12.5–141	10.7 ± 18.3
Aldrin			16.3	<5–400	13.1 ± 42.2
Dieldrin			16.9	<14.5–270	14.0 ± 30.8
HE			10.6	<12.5–309	11.1 ± 30.2
Endosulfan sulphate			37.5	<15–1295.5	42.6 ± 126.9
p,p′-DDE	Maternal serum Umbilical cord serum	n = 68 n = 68	100 100	0.32–2.68 0.22–2.05	1.11 ± 0.69 0.85 ± 0.50	[83]
Glyphosate AMPA Glyphosate AMPA	Urine (1st round) Urine (2nd round)	n = 46 adults n = 33 adults	28 50 73 97	0.11–1.04 0.10–0.32 0.02–0.63 0.01–0.29	0.25 0.16 0.13 0.10	[100]
Glyphosate	Urine	n = 41 children	95.1	0.87–4.35	1.77	[89]

NQ: not quantified.