Figure 1.

Study schematic and vascular features. A, Here, we first used deep learning toward large-scale automated removal of low-quality images, followed by vessel segmentation. Next, using the vascular segmentations, we quantified 2 vascular indices: branching complexity as measured by fractal dimension (FD) and vascular density. Last, phenome- and genome-wide association analyses of retinal FD and vascular density were performed to discover phenotypes associated with the microvasculature and genotypes influencing these vascular indices. B, Significant Spearman correlations were observed between FD and vascular density of the right vs left eyes, with right eyes having significantly higher FD and vascular density compared with left eyes. Blue line reflects best-fit line; dotted purple line reflects the unity line (x=y). C, Relationship of FD and vascular density (averaged across right and left eyes) with age.