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. 2021 Nov 8;145(2):134–150. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057709

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© 2021 The Authors.

Circulation is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 6. — One-sample mendelian randomization for DBP PRS, SBP PRS, and T2D PRS on retinal vascular density and FD. A, Association of the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) polygenic risk score (PRS) with normalized retinal vascular density and fractal dimension (FD) in a linear regression model adjusted for age, age squared, sex, smoking status, and the first 10 principal components of genetic ancestry. B, Relationship of the SBP, DBP, and T2D PRSs with retinal vascular FD and density. Horizontal and vertical dotted lines reflect the average value for the respective axis. Shaded gray region reflects the 95% CI using a restricted maximum likelihood generalized additive model with integrated smoothness from the gam() function in R.