AASs	Anabolic-androgenic steroids
AcCN	Acetonitrile
AIBN	2,2’-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile)
Ab	Antibody
AR	Androgen receptor
AREs	Androgen response elements
AuNP	Gold nanoparticle
BiNb	Biotinylation of a nanobody in vivo
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CLEIA	Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay
CR	Cross-reactivity
DHEA	Dehydroepiandrosterone
DS	Dietary supplement
DSMI	trans-4-[4-(Dimethylamino)styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide
EC50	Half-maximal effective concentration
EDC	1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide
EGDMA	Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
EIA	Enzyme immunoassay
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
GCE	Glassy carbon electrode
HEMA	2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
HPLC	High-performance liquid chromatography
HOSu	N-Hydroxysuccinimide
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase enzymes
HSD	Hydroxysteroid reductase
HSPs	Heat shock proteins
IAC	Immunoaffinity chromatography
IC50	Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
KLH	Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
LFIA	Lateral flow immunoassay
LOD	Limit of detection
LOQ	Limit of quantification
LWR	Linear working range
MAA	Methacrylic acid
mAb	Mouse-derived antibody
MIF	Molecularly imprinted polymer film
MIP	Molecularly imprinted polymer
MT	Methyltestosterone
MT-CMO-OVA	A conjugate of methyltestosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime with ovalbumin
MWCNTs	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes
NAD	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nb	Nanobody
NC	Nitrocellulose
OVA	Ovalbumin
PSNPs	Polystyrene nanoparticles
RSA	Rabbit serum albumin
SEAP	Secreted alkaline phosphatase
SOI	Silicon-on-insulator wafer
SPCEs	Screen-printed carbon electrodes
SPEs	Screen-printed electrodes
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
ST	Stanozolol
THG	Tetrahydrogestrinone
TLC	Thin-layer chromatography
TPF	Two-photon fluorescence
UOC	Under optimal conditions
VHH	The antigen-binding fragment of heavy-chain-only antibodies
WADA	World Anti-Doping Agency