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. 2021 Dec 25;11(1):59. doi: 10.3390/plants11010059

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Temporal expression profiles of HS marker genes in durum wheat grains. Expression levels of three heat-stress gene markers at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of starting thermal treatments by real-time qPCR. Heat-stress gene markers: heat shock protein (HSP) 101, HSP 23.5, and the Rubisco Activase B genes. Control: green color, and heat stress (HS): red color. Each column represents the mean of three biological replicates with ± standard deviations. Significant effects at Student’s t-test, p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***), p < 0.0001 (****).