Table 1.

Clinical trials of probiotics on gestational diabetes mellitus.

Study/Ref	Method/ Timeline/ Sample/	Probiotics Used	Results
Halkjae et al. (2020) [24]	RDBPCT2 capsules twice daily for 14–20 Weeks n = 50	Streptococcus thermophilus Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium infantis Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	slight increase in α-diversity in the probiotic group Probiotic supplements contributed to the reduction and body weight control
Wickens et al. (2017) [26]	RDBPCT 1 capsule daily for up to 12 months n = 423	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Lactobacillus rhamnosus was associated with lower rates of GDM in women aged ≥35 years mean blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the probiotic group
Tay et al. (2020) [27]	RDBT 12-week n = 33	Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Probiotic supplements: significantly reduced HbA1c and weight from baseline significantly improved social functioning and mental health

Abbreviations: RDBPCT, randomized double-blind placebo control trial; RDBT, randomized double-blind trial; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus.