Table 2.

Probiotics administration to diabetes mellitus patients undergoing bariatric surgery (clinical trials).

Study/ Ref	Method/ Timeline/ Sample/	Probiotics Used	Results
Mokhtari et al. (2019) [29]	RDBPCT 1 capsule per day for 4 months and 9 months of additional follow-up n = 46	Streptococcus thermophilus Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium longum	Probiotics supplements significantly improve: serum LBP TNF-α vitamin B12 vitamin D3 weight loss
Ramos et al. (2021) [38]	RDBPCT 2 capsule per day for 3 months n = 110	Lactobacillus acidophilus Bifidobacterium lactis	Probiotics supplements: significantly decrease cholesterol significantly increase vitamin D significantly increase Vitamin B12 levels

Abbreviations: RDBPCT, randomized double-blind placebo control trial; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; TNF-α, Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha.