Table 1.
Univariable meta-regression results for weight and energy intake by behaviour change techniques.
| Behaviour Change Strategies | Weight (n = 29) | Energy Intake (n = 13) | Physical Activity (n = 17) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | p Value | Adj. R2 (%) | β (95%CI) | p Value | Adj. R2 (%) | β (95%CI) | p Value | Adj. R2 (%) | |
| Total BCT | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.475 | 0 | −3.99 (−10.5, 2.48) | 0.202 | 21.6 | −0.04 (−0. 08, 0.01 | 0.107 | 30.12 |
| Behaviour strategies consistent with control theory | 0.46 (−0.48, 1.40) | 0.323 | 0 | −20.4 (−230.5, 189.8) | 0.835 | 0 | −0.26 (−0.90, 0.39) | 0.413 | 0 |
| Goal setting (behaviour) (1.1) | −0.06 (−0.78, 0.66) | 0.867 | 0 | −20.4 (−230.5, 189.8) | 0.835 | 0 | −0.26 (−0.90, 0.39) | 0.413 | 0 |
| Problem solving (1.2) | −0.18 (−0.91, 0.54) | 0.604 | 0 | −62.2 (−163.9, 39.0) | 0.203 | 24.2 | −0.04 (−0.41, 0.33) | 0.817 | 0 |
| Goal setting (outcome) (1.3) | −0.29 (−0.96, 0.38) | 0.383 | 10.6 | −24.2 (−124.5, 76.0) | 0.605 | 0.11 | −0.11 (−0.48, 0.26) | 0.647 | 0 |
| Action planning (1.4) | −0.09 (−0.78, 0.60) | 0.795 | 0 | −18.9 (−132.1, 94.2) | 0.720 | 0 | −0.06 (−0.47, 0.35) | 0.763 | 0 |
| Review behaviour goals (1.5) | −0.65 (−1.34, 0.08) | 0.079 | 27.5 | −90.6 (−164.6, −16.7) | 0.021 | 52.6 | −0.15 (−0.52, 0.22) | 0.405 | 0 |
| Discrepancy between current behaviour and goal (1.6) | −0.68 (−1.69, 0.33) | 0.179 | 15.4 | −60.4 (−135.2, 14.4) | 0.103 | 43.4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Review outcomes goals (1.7) | −0.38 (−1.43, 0.67) | 0.462 | 5.33 | −24.3 (−119.6, 71.1) | 0.587 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Feedback on behaviour (2.2) | −0.73 (−1.43, −0.03) | 0.042 | 40.1 | −61.7 (−136.6, 13.1) | 0.097 | 43.9 | −0.05 (−0.47, 0.37) | 0.798 | 0 |
| Self-monitoring of behaviour (2.3) | −0.54 (−1.19, 0.11) | 0.103 | 20.6 | −20.9 (−117.6, 75.6) | 0.642 | 0 | 0.22 (−0.11, 0.57) | 0.174 | 21.12 |
| Self-monitoring of outcomes of behaviour (2.4) | 0.76 (0.16, 1.14) | 0.015 | 29.7 | 6.3 (−91.4, 103.9) | 0.890 | 0 | 0.09 (−0.32, 0.51) | 0.644 | 0 |
| Feedback on outcomes of behaviour (2.7) | 0.61 (−0.18, 0.14) | 0.123 | 25.6 | NA | NA | NA | −0.36 (−0.74, 0.01) | 0.053 | 34.2 |
| Social support (unspecified) (3.1) | −0.32 (−1.02, 0.38) | 0.350 | 8.2 | 26.2 (−61.7, 114.1) | 0.525 | 0 | 0.17 (−0.21, 0.56) | 0.358 | 0 |
| Social support (emotional) (3.3 | −0.65 (−1.55, 0.26) | 0.156 | 21.1 | NA | NA | NA | −0.15 (−0.62, 0.32) | 0.503 | 0 |
| Instruction on how to perform the behaviour (4.1) | 0.08 (−0.61, 0.78) | 0.813 | 0 | −33.9 (−119.5, 51.8) | 0.403 | 0 | 0.04 (−0.35, 0.44) | 0.811 | 0 |
| Information about health consequences (5.1) | 0.15 (−0.67, 0.98) | 0.709 | 0 | −21.9 (−114.2, 70.5) | 0.623 | 0 | −0.31(−0.70, 0.09) | 0.117 | 20.4 |
| Information about social and environmental consequences (5.3) | 0.71 (0.05, 1.37) | 0.037 | 23.9 | NA | NA | NA | −0.04 (−0.56, 0.44) | 0.865 | 0 |
| Demonstration of the behaviour (6.1) | 0.00 (−0.87, 0.87) | 0.998 | 0 | −59.7 (−140.3, 20.9) | 0.131 | 43.3 | −0.07 (−0.52, 0.38) | 0.750 | 0 |
| Behaviour practice/rehearsal (8.1) | 0.13 (−0.74, 1.01) | 0.758 | 0 | −0.81 (−102.2, 100.6) | 0.986 | 0 | −0.01 (−0.69, 0.68) | 0.982 | 0 |
| Behaviour substitution (8.2) | −0.54 (−1.33, 0.25) | 0.171 | 22.0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Graded tasks (8.7) | −0.82 (−1.46, −0.17) | 0.015 | 50.3 | NA | NA | NA | 0.45 (−0.04, 0.94) | 0.070 | 32.72 |
| Credible source (9.1) | −0.24 (−0.96, 0.49) | 0.510 | 0 | 52.7 (−50.5, 155.9) | 0.285 | 14.2 | 0.09 (−0.28, 0.46) | 0.611 | 0 |
| Reward (outcome) (10.10) | NA | NA | NA | −60.3 (−135.2, 14.6) | 0.104 | 43.4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Reduce negative emotions (11.2) | 0.35 (−0.53, 1.23) | 0.421 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0.03 (−0.47, 0.53) | 0.894 | 0 |
| Adding objects to the environment (12.5) | −0.46 (−1.15, 0.23) | 0.185 | 15.4 | NA | NA | NA | 0.05 (−0.38, 0.48) | 0.754 | 0 |
β = beta coefficient; CI = confidence interval; n = number of studies; NA = not applicable because a BCT is not present in at least three studies; Adj. R2 = adjusted R2 which measures percentage of variation. BCTs in bold text denote significant association.