Table 1.
Effects of probiotics on type 2 diabetes and kidney disease.
| Reference | Design | Probiotic Source | Probiotic Dose, CFU | Study Period (wk/d) |
Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [50] | RD, DB, CT | tablet |
L. acidophilus strain ZT-L1, B. bifidum strain ZT-B1, L. reuteri strain ZT-Lre, L. fermentum strain ZT-L3 8 × 109 CFU/d |
12 wk | S↓ FG, I, HOMA-IR, TG, VLDL, TC/HDL-C ratio, hs-CRP, MDA, AGEs, BUN, creatinine, urine protein S↑ QUICKI, HDL-C, GSH, CG = HbA1c, LDL-C, NO, TAC |
| [51] | RD, DB, CT | soy milk | L. plantarum A7 | 8 wk | S↓ albuminuria, serum creatinine, serum interleukin-18, serum sialic acid S improvment in estimated GFR |
| [52] | RD, DB, CT | capsule |
L. acidophilus
L. casei B. bifium |
12 wk | S↓ FG, I, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, hs-CRP, MDA, SGA score, TIBC S↑ QUICKI =HOMA-B, TG, VLDL, CT, LDL-C, HDL-C, NO, TAC, GSH, GFR, creatinine, BUN, albumin, Na, K |
| [53] | RD, DB, CT | honey |
Bacillus coagulans T4 (IBRC-N10791) 108 CFU/g |
12 wk | S↓ I, HOMA-IR, CT/HDL-C ratio, hs-CRP hs-CRP, MDA, creatinine S↑ QUICKI =FG, TG, VLDL, CT, LDL-C, HDL-C, NO, TAC, GSH, BUN |
| [54] | RD, DB, CT | soy milk |
L. plantarum A7 2 × 107 CFU/mL |
8 wk | S↓ Cys-C, PGRN, NGAL =sTNFR1 |
| [55] | RD, DB, CT | soy milk |
L plantarum A7 (KC 355240, LA7) 2 × 107 CFUmL |
8 wk | S↑ Glutathione, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase S↓ Oxidized glutathione =MDA, 8-iso-PGF2a, TAC |
RD, randomized; DB, double-blind; CT, clinical trial; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; L., Lactobacillus, B., Bifidobacterium; CFU, colony-forming units; wk, weeks; d, days; FG, fasting glucose fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose, glycemia, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; I, serum insulin concentration, insulin concentration, serum insulin level, insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NO, nitric oxide; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH, total glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CG, Cockcroft–Gault formula to estimate creatinine clearance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model of assessment–estimated b-cell function; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; SGA, subjective global assessment; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cys-C, cystatin C; PGRN, Progranulin; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; sTNFR1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; 8-iso-PGF2a, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha; =, non significan; S, significant; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.