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. 2021 Dec 30;14(1):166. doi: 10.3390/nu14010166

Table 2.

Effects of probiotic or synbiotic on glycemia, insulin, lipid metabolism and incretins.

Reference Year Location Design Participants, Age, Nr. Treated/ Nr. Controls Probiotic Source Probiotic Dose, CFU Study Period
(wk/d)		 Glycemia Insulin Lipid Metabolism Incretins
[135] 2002 Poland RD, DB, CT Healthy participants
35–45 y
18/18		 rose-hip drink L. plantarum 299v,
5 × 107 CFU/mL		 6 wk =FG =I =TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, lipoprotein(a) S↓ leptin
[136] 2006 Australia DB, PC, parallel design trial, single centre Healthy volunteers
30–75 y
23/21		 capsule L. fermentum,
2 × 109 CFU		 10 wk =FG - =LDL-C, TC, HDL-C, TGL -
[137] 2009 Finland RD, prospective, parallel-group Pregnant women
29.7/30.1/30.2 y
85/86/85		 capsule L. rhamnosus GG, ATCC 53 103,
B. lactis Bb12,
1010 CFU/d each		 4 wk S↓ FG,
=HbA1c		 S↓ I, HOMA,
S↑ QUICKI		 - -
[138] 2010 Denmark RD, PC, DB T2DM/non-diabetic
48–66 y
24/24		 capsule L. acidophilus NCFM,
1 g; about 1010 CFU		 4 wk - =QUICKI - -
[139] 2012 Iran DB, RD, CT T2DM
30–60 y
32/32		 yogurt L. acidophilus La5,
7.23 × 106–1.85 × 106 CFU/g
B. lactis Bb12,
6.04 × 106 CFU/g–1.79 × 106 CFU/g		 6 wk S↓ FG, HbA1c =I - -
[140] 2012 Brazil DB, PC, RD Healthy participants
50–65 y
10/10		 shake L. acidophillus,
4 × 108 CFU/100 mL
B. bifidum
4 ×108 CFU/100 mL
1 g/100 mL FOS		 30 d S↓ FG - S↑ HDL-C
=TC, TG
 -
[141] 2012 Canada DB, PC, multi-center study Healthy hypercholester-olemic human subjects
20–75 y
67/64		 capsule L. reuteri NCIMB 30242,
2.9 × 10⁹ CFU		 9 wk =FG - - -
[142] 2012 Denmark DB, PC, RD Ob adolescents
12–15 y
27/23		 capsule L. salivarius Ls-33 ATCC SD5208,
1010 CFU		 12 wk =FG =I, HOMA-IR =TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG -
[143] 2013 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT T2DM
35–70 y
27/27
 capsule L. acidophilus,
2 × 109 CFU
L. casei,
7 × 109 CFU
L. rhamnosus,
1.5 × 109 CFU
L. bulgaricus,
2 × 108 CFU
B. breve,
2 × 1010 CFU
B. longum,
7 × 109 CFU
S. thermophiles,
1.5 ×109 CFU
100 mg FOS		 8 wk S↓ FG S↑ I, HOMA-IR S↑ LDL-C -
[144] 2013 Iran RD, DB, CT Patients with NASH
18–75 y
34/36		 tablet L. acidophilus,
1 × 108 CFU
L. casei,
5 × 108 CFU
L. rhamnosus,
7.5 × 107 CFU
L. bulgaricus,
1.5 × 108 CFU
B. breve,
5 × 107 CFU
B. longum,
2.5 × 107 CFU
S. thermophilus,
5 × 107 CFU
350 mg FOS		 24 wk S↓ FG - S↓ TC, TG
 -
[145] 2013 Korea single center, RD, DB, PC, CT Ob volunteers
19–60 y
31/31		 capsule L. gasseri BNR17,
1010 CFU
25% FOS		 12 wk =FG, HbA1c =I =TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, -
[146] 2013 Russian Federation RD, DB, PC, parallel pilot study Patients with metabolic syndrome
30–69 y
25/15		 cheese L. plantarum TENSIA,
1.5 × 1011 CFU/g		 3 wk =FG - =TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG -
[147] 2013 Iran RD, SB, CT Pregnant women
37/33
18–30 y		 yogurt L. acidophilus LA5,
B. animalis BB12,
1 × 10⁷ CFU		 9 wk =FG S↓ I, HOMA
 - -
[148] 2014 Iran RD, DB, cross-over CT T2DM
35–70 y
62/62		 package L. sporogenes,
27 × 107 CFU
1.08 g inulin		 6 wk =FG S↓ I
=HOMA-IR		 =CT, LDL-C, TG, HDL-C -
[149] 2014 Iran RD, DB, CT T2DM ov/ob obese
53.00 ± 5.9/ 49.00 ± 7.08 y
22/22
 yogurt B. lactis Bb12,
L. acidophilus strain La5,
3.7 × 106 CFU/g		 8 wk S↓ HbA1c
=FG		 - - -
[150] 2014 Ireland PC, DB, RD Ob pregnant women,
31.4 ± 5.0/31.0 ± 5.2 y
63/75		 capsule L. salivarius UCC118,
109 CFU		 4 wk =FG =I, HOMA-IR =TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG -
[151] 2014 Australia RD, DB, parallel study Ov
>55 y
40/37/39/40		 Yogurt/ capsule L. acidophilus La5,
B. lactis Bb12,
3 × 109 CFU/d		 6 wk S↑ FG
=HbA1c		 S↑ HOMA-IR
=I		 - -
[152] 2014 India RD, CT, DB
 Ov/ob healthy adults
40–60 y
15/15/15/15
 capsule B. longum,
B. infantis,
B. breve,
L. acidophilus,
L. paracasei,
L. bulgaricus,
L. plantarum,
S. thermophilus.
112.5 × 109 CFU/capsule		 6 wk S↓ FG S↓ I, HOMA-IR S↓ TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C
S↑ HDL-C
 -
[153] 2014 Japan SB, PC, within-subject, repeated-measure intervention trial Adults with hypertriacylglycerolemia,
51.1 ± 6.6 y
10/10
 fermented mil L. gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055),
5 × 1010 CFU/100 g		 4 wk S↑ HbA1c
=FG		 =I S↓ NEFA
=TG, Apo B-48, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C
 -
[154] 2014 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT NAFLD
>18 y
26/26		 capsule L. casei,
L. rhamnosus,
S. thermophilus,
B. breve,
L. acidophilus,
B. longum,
L. bulgaricus
2 × 108 CFU
250 mg FOS		 28 wk S↓ FG S↓ I, HOMA-IR - -
[155] 2014 Iran RD, DB, PC pilot study Patients with MS
>18 y
19/19		 capsule L. casei,
L. rhamnosus,
S. thermophilus,
B. breve,
L. acidophilus,
B. longum,
L. bulgaricus
2 × 108 CFU
250 mg FOS		 28 wk S↓ FG
 S↓ I, HOMA-IR
S↑ QUICKI
 =LDL-C
S↓ TG, CT
S↑ HDL		 -
[156] 2014 Iran RD, PC, CT Pregnant women
18–35 y
26/26		 food L. sporogenes,
1 × 107 CFU
0.04 g inulin		 9 wk =FG S↓ I, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B
S↑ QUICKI		 - -
[157] 2014 Iran RD, DB, CT T2DM
35–70 y
26/26/26		 bread L. sporogenes,
1 × 108 CFU
0.07 g inulin		 8 wk =FG - S↓ TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C
S↑ HDL-C
= TC, LDL-C, HDL-C		 -
[158] 2015 Germany DB, RD, prospective, longitudinal pilot Lean/ob participants
40–65 y
11/10		 capsule L. reuteri,
2 × 1010 CFU		 8 wk =blood glucose levels during OGTT S↑ QUICKI in lean participants compared with obese - S↑ GLP-1, GLP-2
[159] 2015 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT T2DM
35–65 y
30/30		 fermented milk (kefir) L. acidophilus,
3 × 106–25 × 106
L. casei,
2 × 106–15 × 106
B. lactis,
0.5 × 106–8 × 106 		8 wk S↓ HbA1c, FG - =TG, TC, LDL-C,
HDL-C		 -
[160] 2015 India RD, CP, SB, pilot study Healthy participants
20–25 y
15/15/15		 capsule L. salivarius UBL S22,
2 × 109 CFU
10 g/d FOS		 6 wk S↓ FG S↓ I, HOMA-IR S↓ TG, CT, LDL-C
S↑ HDL-C		 -
[161] 2015 Denmark CT, DB, RD, PC, two-arm parallel Young healthy adults
20–45 y
32/32		 capsule L. casei W8,
1010 CFU		 4 wk =FG =I S↓ TG
=CT, HDL-C, LDL-C		 =GLP1
[162] 2016 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT GDM,
18–40 y
30/30		 capsule L. acidophilus,
2 × 109 CFU/g
L. casei,
2 × 109 CFU/g
B. bifidum,
2 × 109 CFU/g		 6 wk S↓ FG
 S↓ I, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B
S↑ QUICKI		 S↓ TG, VLD-C,
=TC, HDL-C		 -
[163] 2016 Iran RD, SB, CT Ob/ov subjects
18–50 y
44/45		 yogurt L. acidophilus LA5,
B. lactis BB12
1 × 107 CFU		 12 wk S↓ 2-h postprandial glucose, HbA1c
=FG		 S↓ HOMA-IR, I S↓ TC, LDL-C
=HDL-C, TG		 -
[164] 2016 Estonia preliminary, open label study Clinically healthy volunteers
50–75 y		 capsule L. fermentum ME-3 (LFME-3),
6 × 109 CFU		 4 wk S↓ HbA1c S↓ HOMA-IR S↓ LDL-C, oxLDL, TC, TG, TG/HDL-C ratio
S↑ HDL-C		 -
[165] 2017 Sweden RD, PC T2DM
50–75 y
15/15/16		 stick pack L. reuteri DSM 17938,
108 CFU/day
L. reuteri DSM 17938,
1010 CFU/day		 12 wk =FG
=HbA1c		 S↑ QUICKI =CT, HDL, LDL, TGL -
[17] 2017 Iran RD, CT T2DM, ov,
CHD patients
40–85 y
30/30		 capsule L. acidophilus,
2 × 109
L. casei,
2 × 109,
B. bifidum,
2 × 109 CFU/g
800 mg inulin		 12 wk S↓ FG S↓ I, HOMA-B
S↑ QUICKI
=HOMA-IR		 S↑ HDL-C
=TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio		 -
[166] 2017 Malaysia RD, DB, parallel-group, CT T2DM,
30–70 y
68/68		 sachet L. acidophilus,
L. casei,
L. lactis,
B. bifidum,
B. longum,
B. infantis,
1010 CFU/d each		 12 wk S↓ HbA1c
=FG		 S↓ I
=HOMA-IR, QUICKI		 =TC, TG, LDL-C,
HDL-C		 -
[167] 2017 Brazil DB, RD, PC, CT T2DM
35–60 y
25/25		 fermented goat milk L. acidophilus La-5,
B. lactis BB-12,
109 CFU/d each		 6 wk S↓ FS
=HbA1c, FG		 = I, HOMA-IR S↓ TC, LDL-C
=HDL, VLDL, TG. CT/HLD-C ratio		 -
[9] 2017 Saudi Arabia DB, RD, CT T2DM
30–60 y
48/46		 sachet B. bifidum W23,
B. lactis W52,
L. acidophilus W37,
L. brevis W63,
L. casei W56,
L. salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, Lactococcus lactis W58,
2.5 × 109 CFU/g
 12 wk =FG S↓ HOMA-IR
= I		 =TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC/HDL ratio -
[168] 2017 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT NAFLD patients with normal or low BMI
>18 y
25/25		 capsule L. casei,
L. rhamnosus,
S. thermophilus,
B. breve,
L. acidophilus,
B. longum,
L. bulgaricus
2 × 108 CFU		 28 wk S↓ FG =HOMA-IR, I, QUICKI =LDL-C, HDL-C, TC
S↓ TG		 -
[169] 2018 Taiwan DB, RD, PC T2DM
25–70 y
25/25/24		 capsule ADR-1 (live L. reuteri),
4 × 109 CFU
cells of ADR-3 (heat-killed L. reuteri),
2 × 1010 CFU		 24 wk =fasting blood glucose
S↓ HbA1c in liver ADR-1
=HbA1c in heat-killed ADR03,		 =I, HOMA-IR =LDL-C, free fatty acids
S↓ TC in ADR-1		 -
[170] 2018 Iran DB, RD, PC, parallel-group, CT Prediabetes
40/40/40
35–75 y		 powder L. acidophilus,
B. lactis,
B. bifidum,
B. longum
1 × 109 CFU/each
inulin		 24 wk S↓ FG, HbA1c S↓ I, HOMA-IR
S↑ QUICKI
=HOMA-B		 - -
[171] 2018 Ukraine DB, single center RD, CT T2DM, ov
18–75 y
31/22		 sachet 14 alive probiotic strains of L.+ Lactococcus,
6 × 1010 CFU/g
B.,
1 × 1010 CFU/g, Propionibacterium,
3 × 1010 CFU/g,
Acetobacter,
1 × 106 CFU/g		 8 wk S↓ HbA1c
=FG		 S↓ HOMA-IR
=I		 - -
[172] 2018 Iran RD, DB, PC, CT T2DM, CHD
45–85 y
30/30		 capsule L. acidophilus,
B. bifidum,
L. reuteri,
L. fermentum
8 × 109 CFU/g		 12 wk =FG
 S↓ I, HOMA-IR
S↑ QUICKI
 S↑ HDL-C
=LDL, TC, TG, VLDL-C
 -
[82] 2018 Saudi Arabia DB, RD, CT T2DM,
30–60 y
30/31		 sachet B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W52,
L. acidophilus W37,
L. brevis W63,
L. casei W56,
L. salivarius W24, Lactococcus lactis W19, Lactococcus lactis W58
2.5 × 109 CFU/g		 24 wk S↓ FG, S↓ I, HOMA-IR, S↓ TC, TG, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio -
[173] 2019 Iran parallel-group, RD, CT T2DM,
20/20
30–50 y		 capsule L. casei,
108 CFU/d		 8 wk S↓ FG
=HbA1c		 S↓ I, HOMA-IR - -
[174] 2019 Iran RD, DB, CT T2DM
30–75 y
34/34
 capsule L. acidophilus,
2 × 109 CFU
L. casei,
7 × 109 CFU
L. rhamnosus,
1.5 × 109 CFU
L. bulgaricus,
2 × 108 CFU
B. breve,
3 × 1010 CFU
B. longum,
7 × 109 CFU
S. thermophilus,
1.5 × 109 CFU
100 mg FOS		 6 wk S↓ FG =I, HOMA-IR S↑ HDL-C
=TG, TC		 -
[175] 2019 India RD, DB, CT T2DM, Ob
18–65 y
39/40
 capsule L. salivarius,
L. casei,
L. plantarum,
L. acidophilus,
B. breve,
B. coagulans,
30 billion CFU
100 mg FOS		 12 wk S↓ HbA1c
=FG		 =I, HOMA-IR = TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C -
[133] 2019 Belgium RD, DB, PC, pilot study Ob/ov insulin-resistant volunteers
18–70 y
14/13/13		 sachet Live/pasteurized Akkermansia municiphila
1010 bacteria/day		 12 wk =FG, HbA1c S↑ insulin sensitivity
S↓ I		 S↓ TC
=LDL-C, TG		 =GLP-1
[176] 2020 Australia RD, DB, CT T2DM
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2
≥ 18 y
30/30		 capsule L. plantarum,
6 × 109 CFU,
L. bulgaricus,
3 × 109 CFU
L. gasseri,
18 × 109 CFU
B. breve,
7.5 × 109 CFU
B. animalis sbsp. lactis,
8 × 109 CFU
B. bifidum,
7 × 109 CFU
S. thermophiles,
450 × 106 CFU
Saccharomyces boulardii,
45 × 106 CFU		 12 wk S↓ FG, HbA1c
(in patients taking probiotics and metformin)		 S↓ HOMA-IR
(in patients taking probiotics and metformin)		 - -

RD, randomized; DB, double-blind; PC, placebo-controlled; SB, single-blind; CT, clinical trial; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Ob, obese; NASH, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; Ov, Overweight; NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MS, Metabolic syndrome; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; CHD, coronary heart disease; L., Lactobacillus; B., Bifidobacterium; S., Streptococcus; CFU, colony-forming units; FOS, fructooligosaccharides; wk, weeks; d, days; FG, fasting glucose fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose, glycemia, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, Hemoglobin glycated; OGTT, glucose tolerance test; I, serum insulin concentration, insulin concentration, serum insulin level, insulin; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assssessment of β-cell dysfunction; TG, triglycerides; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; Apo B-48, apolipoprotein B-48; oxLDL, oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein; GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2, Glucagon-like peptide-2; =, non significan; S, significant; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease.