Table 3.
Anthropometric characteristics, fat distribution, and circulating factors during the interventions.
| Parameter | ET-Placebo (n = 23–24) |
ET-Calanus (n = 27) |
Two-Way ANOVA p-Value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | Time Effect | Group/Suppl. Effect | Interaction | |
| Fat mass (%) | 38.8 ± 5.2 | 37.4 ± 5.1 *** | 41.4 ± 5.1 | 40.2 ± 5.7 *** | <0.001 | 0.11 | 0.84 |
| Total body weight (kg) | 71.6 ± 12.9 | 70.5 ± 12.7 ** | 71.5 ± 10.1 | 71.0 ± 10.6 | 0.003 | 0.70 | 0.16 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 27.6 ± 8.3 | 26.0 ± 7.9 *** | 29.3 ± 7.7 | 28.2 ± 7.7 *** | <0.001 | 0.31 | 0.70 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 42.0 ± 5.9 | 42.3 ± 5.7 | 40.4 ± 3.4 | 40.9 ± 3.1 * | 0.002 | 0.35 | 0.72 |
| Arm fat (kg) | 3.00 ± 0.99 | 2.89 ± 0.81 | 3.13 ± 0.66 | 3.08 ± 0.79 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.97 |
| Leg fat (kg) | 9.23 ± 3.06 | 8.72 ± 2.92 *** | 9.86 ± 2.83 | 9.68 ± 2.71 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.05 |
| Trunk fat (kg) | 14.3 ± 4.9 | 13.6 ± 4.6 * | 15.4 ± 5.4 | 14.6 ± 5.2 ** | <0.001 | 0.43 | 0.61 |
| Android fat (kg) | 2.36 ± 0.96 | 2.22 ± 0.89 | 2.49 ± 1.00 | 2.37 ± 1.02 * | <0.001 | 0.50 | 0.43 |
| Gynoid fat (kg) | 4.36 ± 1.23 | 4.14 ± 1.20 ** | 4.77 ± 1.12 | 4.56 ± 1.23 ** | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.83 |
| Arm fat/total FM (%) | 10.9 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 1.5 | 10.9 ± 1.7 | 11.1 ± 1.5 | 0.25 | 0.77 | 0.85 |
| Leg fat/total FM (%) | 33.9 ± 5.6 | 33.6 ± 5.4 | 34.0 ± 5.8 | 35.0 ± 6.2 * | 0.14 | 0.69 | 0.02 |
| Trunk fat/total FM (%) | 51.6 ± 6.1 | 51.6 ± 5.9 | 52.0 ± 5.8 | 50.6 ± 6.4 ** | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.03 |
| Android fat/total FM (%) | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 0.27 | 0.99 | 0.07 |
| Gynoid fat/total FM (%) | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 16.0 ± 2.0 | 16.4 ± 2.1 | 16.3 ± 2.0 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 0.83 |
| Plasma FFA (mmol/L) | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.51 ± 0.21 * | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 0.006 | 0.12 | 0.47 |
| Plasma Leptin (ng/mL) | 20.3 ± 12.0 | 16.0 ± 10.0 * | 21.1 ± 12.0 | 19.5 ± 11.3 | 0.015 | 0.58 | 0.39 |
| Omega-3 index (%) | 5.22 ± 1.25 | 6.10 ± 1.66 | 4.99 ± 0.98 | 6.39 ± 1.17 | <0.001 | 0.787 | 0.06 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical differences of log-transformed data were evaluated by RM two-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post-hoc analysis; p-value of the statistical difference in the main effect (time, group, time × group interaction). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 post-hoc statistically significant difference during the intervention (before vs. after). FM: fat mass; ET: exercise training; FFA: free fatty acids. Omega-3 index: content of omega-3 FA in erythrocyte membranes in percent of the total FA.