| SPIF | Single-point incremental forming |
| VFC | Vertical Force Component |
| ML | Machine learning (AI field algorithms) |
| ANN | Artificial Neural Networks |
| MLP | Multilayer perceptron |
| SVM | Support Vector Machine |
| GPR | Gaussian Process Regression |
| KNN | K-nearest neighbors algorithm |
| RMSE | Root Mean Square Error |
| MSE | Mean Square Error |
| MAE | Mean Absolute Error |
| ST | Standard deviation |