Table 1.

Rhaponticum carthamoides bioactive compounds.

Biological Active Compound	Plant Part	References
Phytosteroids
20-Hydroxyecdysone	Roots Leaves Seeds	[47,48,49,50,51,52,55,86] [53,55,87,88] [53,54,56]
20-Hydroxyecdysone 2-acetate	Roots	[50]
20-Hydroxyecdysone 3-acetate	Roots	[50]
20-Hydroxyecdysone 2,3-monoacetonide	Roots	[48,49,86]
20-Hydroxyecdysone 20,22-monoacetonide	Roots	[48,49,86]
20-Hydroxyecdysone 2,3;20,22-diacetonide	Roots	[48,49]
2-Deoxyecdysterone	Roots	[86]
3-epi-20-Hydroxyecdysone	Roots	[49]
5-α-20-Hydroxyecdysone	Roots	[49]
22-Oxo-20-Hydroxyecdysone	Roots	[49]
Leuzeasterone	Roots	[49]
Polypodine B	Roots Seeds	[48,49,51,86] [54]
Polypodin B-22-O-benzoate	Seeds	[56]
Polypodine B-20,22-acetonide	Roots	[48]
Inokosterone	Roots	[50,89]
Inokosterone 20,22-acetonide	Roots	[50]
Integristerone A	Roots	[49,50,86]
Integristeone A 20,22-acetonide	Roots	[50]
Integristerone B	Roots	[49]
14-epi-Ponasterone A 22-glucoside	Roots	[50]
15-Hydroxyponasterone A	Roots	[50]
Makisterone	Roots	[51]
Makisterone A	Roots Seeds	[48,49] [90]
Makisterone C	Roots	[49,50]
24-epi-Makisterone A	Roots	[50]
24(28)-Dehydromakisterone A	Roots Seeds	[50,51,86] [54]
26-Hydroxymakisterone C	Roots	[50]
1-Hydroxymakisterone C	Roots	[50]
(24Z)-29-Hydroxy-24(28)-dehydromakisterone C	Roots	[49,50]
22-Deoxy-28-hydroxymakisterone C	Roots	[50]
Isovitexirone	Roots	[48,49]
Rhapisterone	Roots	[86]
Rhapisterone B	Seeds	[91]
Rhapisterone C	Seeds	[92]
Rhapisterone D	Seeds	[93]
Rhapisterone D 20-acetate	Seeds	[90]
Kaladasterone	Roots	[45]
5-Deoxykaladasterone	Roots	[45,51]
Munisterone A	Roots	[45]
Taxisterone	Roots	[49]
Rubrosterone	Roots	[49]
Dihydrorubrosterone	Roots	[49]
Carthamosterone	Roots	[49,50,51]
Carthamosterone A	Seeds	[54]
Ajugasterone C	Roots	[45,48,49,50,51]
Amarasterone A	Roots	[50]
24(28)-Dehydroamarasterone B	Roots	[50]
Turkesteron	Roots	[50]
Poststerone	Roots	[49]
Eriodictyol-7-β-glucopyranoside	Leaves	[24]
Flavonoids
Quercetin 5-O-galactoside	Roots	[26]
Isorhamnetin 5-O-rhamnoside	Roots	[26]
Patuletin 3′-β-xylofuranoside	Leaves	[25]
6-Hydroxykaempferol-7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside)	Leaves	[24]
Phenolic acids
Protocatechuic acid Benzoic acid o-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid m-Hydroxybenzoic acid p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid Gentisic acid Elagic acid Chlorogenic acid Vanillic acid o-Coumaric acid p-Coumaric acid Synapic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Gallic acid Syringic acid	Roots	[27]
Essential oil-components
Geraniol	Roots and leaves	[85]
α-Pinene	Roots	[40,84]
β-Pinene	Roots	[84]
Limonene	Roots	[40,84]
β-Caryophyllene	Roots and leaves	[84,85]
13-Norcypera-1(5),11(12)-diene	Roots	[40]
Cyperene	Roots	[40,84]
2,5,8-Trimethyl-1-naphthol	Roots	[40]
Cadalene	Roots	[40]
Cyclosativene	Roots	[40,84]
β-Elemene	Roots	[40,84]