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. 2021 Dec 10;13(12):e20317. doi: 10.7759/cureus.20317

Table 2. Association of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress as per DASS-21 in Relation To Various Sociodemographic Parameters.

DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21

  Stress Depression Anxiety
Yes No  p-value Yes No p-value Yes No p-value
Gender Male 23 30.7% 228 55.1% <0.001 55 41.4% 196 55.1% 0.007 39 37.1% 212 55.2% <0.001
Female 52 69.3% 186 44.9% 78 58.6% 160 44.9% 66 62.9% 172 44.8%
Age <35 years 64 85.3% 285 68.8% 0.003 105 78.9% 244 68.5% 0.023 85 81.0% 264 68.8% 0.014
35 years and above 11 14.7% 129 31.2% 28 21.1% 112 31.5% 20 19.0% 120 31.3%
Marital status Single 46 61.3% 198 47.8% 0.031 77 57.9% 167 46.9% 0.031 59 56.2% 185 48.2% 0.146
Married 29 38.7% 216 52.2% 56 42.1% 189 53.1% 46 43.8% 199 51.8%
Lockdown status Living Alone—Solitary 13 17.3% 72 17.4% 0.99 27 20.3% 58 16.3% 0.298 16 15.2% 69 18.0% 0.513
Living with family/ Significant other 62 82.7% 342 82.6% 106 79.7% 298 83.7% 89 84.8% 315 82.0%
work/study from home Yes 39 52.0% 169 40.8% 0.072 61 45.9% 147 41.3% 0.363 46 43.8% 162 42.2% 0.766
No 36 48.0% 245 59.2% 72 54.1% 209 58.7% 59 56.2% 222 57.8%
Essential services Yes 18 24.0% 145 35.0% 0.062 42 31.6% 121 34.0% 0.615 38 36.2% 125 32.6% 0.483
No 57 76.0% 269 65.0% 91 68.4% 235 66.0% 67 63.8% 259 67.4%
Past medical/psychiatric history Yes 28 37.3% 56 13.5% <0.001 45 33.8% 39 11.0% <0.001 32 30.5% 52 13.5% <0.001
No 47 62.7% 358 86.5% 88 66.2% 317 89.0% 73 69.5% 332 86.5%
Substance use Yes 20 26.7% 72 17.4% 0.059 28 21.1% 64 18.0% 0.439 26 24.8% 66 17.2% 0.078
No 55 73.3% 342 82.6% 105 78.9% 292 82.0% 79 75.2% 318 82.8%
Time spent <1 hour 35 46.7% 249 60.1% 0.03 70 52.6% 214 60.1% 0.136 55 52.4% 229 59.6% 0.182
1 hour and above 40 53.3% 165 39.9% 63 47.4% 142 39.9% 50 47.6% 155 40.4%
Personal contact Yes 11 14.7% 26 6.3% 0.012 16 12.0% 21 5.9% 0.023 13 12.4% 24 6.3% 0.035
No 64 85.3% 388 93.7% 117 88.0% 335 94.1% 92 87.6% 360 93.8%
Perceived level of risk Low 35 46.7% 182 44.0% 0.173 53 39.8% 164 46.1% 0.358 41 39.0% 176 45.8% 0.463
Medium 29 38.7% 132 31.9% 50 37.6% 111 31.2% 38 36.2% 123 32.0%
High 11 14.7% 100 24.2% 30 22.6% 81 22.8% 26 24.8% 85 22.1%