Table 2. Association of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress as per DASS-21 in Relation To Various Sociodemographic Parameters.
Stress | Depression | Anxiety | ||||||||||||||
Yes | No | p-value | Yes | No | p-value | Yes | No | p-value | ||||||||
Gender | Male | 23 | 30.7% | 228 | 55.1% | <0.001 | 55 | 41.4% | 196 | 55.1% | 0.007 | 39 | 37.1% | 212 | 55.2% | <0.001 |
Female | 52 | 69.3% | 186 | 44.9% | 78 | 58.6% | 160 | 44.9% | 66 | 62.9% | 172 | 44.8% | ||||
Age | <35 years | 64 | 85.3% | 285 | 68.8% | 0.003 | 105 | 78.9% | 244 | 68.5% | 0.023 | 85 | 81.0% | 264 | 68.8% | 0.014 |
35 years and above | 11 | 14.7% | 129 | 31.2% | 28 | 21.1% | 112 | 31.5% | 20 | 19.0% | 120 | 31.3% | ||||
Marital status | Single | 46 | 61.3% | 198 | 47.8% | 0.031 | 77 | 57.9% | 167 | 46.9% | 0.031 | 59 | 56.2% | 185 | 48.2% | 0.146 |
Married | 29 | 38.7% | 216 | 52.2% | 56 | 42.1% | 189 | 53.1% | 46 | 43.8% | 199 | 51.8% | ||||
Lockdown status | Living Alone—Solitary | 13 | 17.3% | 72 | 17.4% | 0.99 | 27 | 20.3% | 58 | 16.3% | 0.298 | 16 | 15.2% | 69 | 18.0% | 0.513 |
Living with family/ Significant other | 62 | 82.7% | 342 | 82.6% | 106 | 79.7% | 298 | 83.7% | 89 | 84.8% | 315 | 82.0% | ||||
work/study from home | Yes | 39 | 52.0% | 169 | 40.8% | 0.072 | 61 | 45.9% | 147 | 41.3% | 0.363 | 46 | 43.8% | 162 | 42.2% | 0.766 |
No | 36 | 48.0% | 245 | 59.2% | 72 | 54.1% | 209 | 58.7% | 59 | 56.2% | 222 | 57.8% | ||||
Essential services | Yes | 18 | 24.0% | 145 | 35.0% | 0.062 | 42 | 31.6% | 121 | 34.0% | 0.615 | 38 | 36.2% | 125 | 32.6% | 0.483 |
No | 57 | 76.0% | 269 | 65.0% | 91 | 68.4% | 235 | 66.0% | 67 | 63.8% | 259 | 67.4% | ||||
Past medical/psychiatric history | Yes | 28 | 37.3% | 56 | 13.5% | <0.001 | 45 | 33.8% | 39 | 11.0% | <0.001 | 32 | 30.5% | 52 | 13.5% | <0.001 |
No | 47 | 62.7% | 358 | 86.5% | 88 | 66.2% | 317 | 89.0% | 73 | 69.5% | 332 | 86.5% | ||||
Substance use | Yes | 20 | 26.7% | 72 | 17.4% | 0.059 | 28 | 21.1% | 64 | 18.0% | 0.439 | 26 | 24.8% | 66 | 17.2% | 0.078 |
No | 55 | 73.3% | 342 | 82.6% | 105 | 78.9% | 292 | 82.0% | 79 | 75.2% | 318 | 82.8% | ||||
Time spent | <1 hour | 35 | 46.7% | 249 | 60.1% | 0.03 | 70 | 52.6% | 214 | 60.1% | 0.136 | 55 | 52.4% | 229 | 59.6% | 0.182 |
1 hour and above | 40 | 53.3% | 165 | 39.9% | 63 | 47.4% | 142 | 39.9% | 50 | 47.6% | 155 | 40.4% | ||||
Personal contact | Yes | 11 | 14.7% | 26 | 6.3% | 0.012 | 16 | 12.0% | 21 | 5.9% | 0.023 | 13 | 12.4% | 24 | 6.3% | 0.035 |
No | 64 | 85.3% | 388 | 93.7% | 117 | 88.0% | 335 | 94.1% | 92 | 87.6% | 360 | 93.8% | ||||
Perceived level of risk | Low | 35 | 46.7% | 182 | 44.0% | 0.173 | 53 | 39.8% | 164 | 46.1% | 0.358 | 41 | 39.0% | 176 | 45.8% | 0.463 |
Medium | 29 | 38.7% | 132 | 31.9% | 50 | 37.6% | 111 | 31.2% | 38 | 36.2% | 123 | 32.0% | ||||
High | 11 | 14.7% | 100 | 24.2% | 30 | 22.6% | 81 | 22.8% | 26 | 24.8% | 85 | 22.1% |