Table 1.

TB diagnosis in different animal species in Nepal

Year	Location (Nepal)	Sample type	Sample size	Animal species	Necropsy	Phenotypic	Genotyping tools	Mycobacterium Spp.	References
2007–2010	Chitwan National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve	Lung tissues	3	Asian Elephant	Granulomatous nodules in the lungs and bronchial lymph nodes with caseous foci	Culture in L-J, Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing	Multiplex PCR, Spoligotyping, MLVA, SNP analysis, Drug resistance gene sequencing	M. tuberculosis	Paudel et al. [7]
2014	Captive Wild animal facility	Lung and extra pulmonary granulomatous lesions	2	Deer and Blue bull	No details	Microscopy Culture DNA extraction	Spoligotyping MIRU-VNTR MLST	M. orygis	Thapa et al. [8]
2015	Chitwan National Park	Lung tissues	1	Greater-one-horned rhinoceros	Several granulomatous lesion observed in lungs with encapsulated and contained caseous necrotic material	Culture in L-J, Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing	Spoligotyping, MIRU-VNTR, Multiplex PCR, Region of difference MLST	M. orygis	Thapa et al. [9]
2013	Chitwan National Park	Lung Tissues	2	Asian elephant	Tuberculous lesions in lungs	Culture in L-J, Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing	Spoligotyping, LSP, Drug resistance gene sequencing	M. tuberculosis mixed infection Indo-Oceanic, East African– Indian (CAS-Delhi) lineages; Indo-Oceanic and East Asian (Beijing) lineages	Paudel et al. [10]

MLVA, Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis; LSP, Large Sequence Polymorphisms