Table 2. Factors associated with overall survival in stage I–III resected pancreatic cancer patients.
| Variables | Unadjusted model, HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted model, HR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metro status | ||||
| Urban | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Rural | 1.103 (1.061–1.146) | <0.0001 | 1.019 (0.975–1.065) | 0.4069 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Female | 0.929 (0.902–0.957) | <0.0001 | 0.923 (0.896–0.950) | <0.0001 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Black | 0.952 (0.906–0.999) | 0.0453 | 0.982 (0.933–1.035) | 0.5000 |
| Age, years | ||||
| 18–54 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 55–64 | 1.326 (1.267–1.388) | <0.0001 | 1.237 (1.181–1.296) | <0.0001 |
| 65–74 | 1.519 (1.453–1.588) | <0.0001 | 1.242 (1.173–1.315) | <0.0001 |
| 75–90 | 1.846 (1.760–1.937) | <0.0001 | 1.475 (1.387–1.569) | <0.0001 |
| Income | ||||
| $63,000+ | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| <$38,000 | 1.226 (1.174–1.280) | <0.0001 | 1.144 (1.077–1.215) | <0.0001 |
| $38,000–47,999 | 1.163 (1.118–1.210) | <0.0001 | 1.061 (1.009–1.116) | 0.0206 |
| $48,000–62,999 | 1.099 (1.058–1.143) | <0.0001 | 1.049 (1.004–1.095) | 0.0321 |
| Education | ||||
| <7% | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 7–12.9% | 1.091 (1.050–1.135) | <0.0001 | 1.064 (1.019–1.111) | 0.0052 |
| 13–20.9% | 1.152 (1.105–1.200) | <0.0001 | 1.113 (1.057–1.171) | <0.0001 |
| ≥21% | 1.208 (1.153–1.266) | <0.0001 | 1.081 (1.016–1.149) | 0.0138 |
| Primary payer | ||||
| Private insurance | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Uninsured | 1.125 (1.025–1.234) | 0.0129 | 1.081 (0.984–1.187) | 0.1028 |
| Medicaid | 1.165 (1.082–1.254) | <0.0001 | 1.106 (1.027–1.192) | 0.008 |
| Medicare | 1.396 (1.354–1.440) | <0.0001 | 1.152 (1.100–1.207) | <0.0001 |
| Other government | 1.050 (0.906–1.218) | 0.5147 | 0.961 (0.829–1.115) | 0.602 |
| Facility type | ||||
| Academic research program | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Community cancer program | 1.166 (1.086–1.252) | <0.0001 | 1.004 (0.927–1.087) | 0.9305 |
| Comprehensive community cancer center | 1.139 (1.105–1.174) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.972–1.048) | 0.6186 |
| Hospital volume | ||||
| ≥20 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 10–19 | 1.031 (0.987–1.077) | 0.1695 | 1.057 (1.011–1.104) | 0.0147 |
| 5–9 | 1.161 (1.108–1.217) | <0.0001 | 1.159 (1.102–1.219) | <0.0001 |
| <5 | 1.232 (1.185–1.281) | <0.0001 | 1.261 (1.200–1.325) | <0.0001 |
| Great circle distance | ||||
| <50 miles | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥50 miles | 0.988 (0.954–1.024) | 0.5209 | 0.966 (0.926–1.007) | 0.1041 |
| Stage | ||||
| I | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| II | 2.260 (2.163–2.362) | <0.0001 | 2.053 (1.961–2.149) | <0.0001 |
| III | 3.329 (3.090–3.586) | <0.0001 | 3.200 (2.968–3.451) | <0.0001 |
| Grade | ||||
| Well differentiated | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Moderately differentiated | 2.212 (2.093–2.337) | <0.0001 | 2.019 (1.909–2.136) | <0.0001 |
| Poorly/undifferentiated | 2.900 (2.740–3.068) | <0.0001 | 2.650 (2.501–2.808) | <0.0001 |
| Unknown | 1.280 (1.191–1.375) | <0.0001 | 1.335 (1.242–1.435) | <0.0001 |
| Radiation therapy | ||||
| Yes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| No | 1.040 (1.010–1.071) | 0.0092 | 1.026 (0.989–1.065) | 0.1711 |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| No | 1.057 (1.025–1.090) | 0.0004 | 1.347 (1.296–1.400) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity index (Charlson-Deyo score) | ||||
| 0 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| 1 | 1.151 (1.112–1.190) | <0.0001 | 1.105 (1.068–1.143) | <0.0001 |
| 2 | 1.390 (1.312–1.472) | <0.0001 | 1.289 (1.217–1.366) | <0.0001 |