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. 2022 Jan 11;2022(1):CD010037. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub4

Comparison 1. Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1.1 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure 18 3140 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.13 [‐0.20, ‐0.06]
1.1.1 Women 8 1915 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.10 [‐0.19, ‐0.01]
1.1.2 Men 5 507 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.24 [‐0.43, ‐0.04]
1.1.3 Both genders 6 718 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.17 [‐0.34, 0.00]
1.2 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure 17 3039 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.45 [‐2.23, ‐0.67]
1.2.1 Women 8 1915 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.04 [‐1.86, ‐0.22]
1.2.2 Men 5 507 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.99 [‐3.25, ‐0.74]
1.2.3 Both genders 5 617 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.54 [‐3.83, 0.74]
1.3 Change data: systolic blood pressure 11 2786 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.27 [‐2.02, ‐0.52]
1.3.1 Women 5 1748 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.47 [‐2.87, ‐0.08]
1.3.2 Men 4 432 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.01 [‐3.95, ‐0.08]
1.3.3 Both genders 3 606 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.89 [‐1.96, 0.18]
1.4 Change data: diastolic blood pressure 10 2685 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.62 [‐2.61, ‐0.63]
1.4.1 Women 5 1748 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.87 [‐3.62, ‐0.12]
1.4.2 Men 4 432 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.24 [‐3.75, ‐0.73]
1.4.3 Both genders 2 505 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.14 [‐0.73, 1.01]
1.5 Final value: systolic blood pressure 12 630 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.93 [‐3.72, ‐0.14]
1.5.1 Women 5 259 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐3.00, 2.60]
1.5.2 Men 2 124 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.36 [‐9.03, ‐1.70]
1.5.3 Both genders 5 247 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.33 [‐4.07, 1.41]
1.6 Final value: diastolic blood pressure 11 529 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.46 [‐2.82, ‐0.11]
1.6.1 Women 5 259 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.52 [‐2.38, 1.34]
1.6.2 Men 2 124 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.88 [‐4.26, 0.50]
1.6.3 Both genders 4 146 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.25 [‐5.49, 0.99]
1.7 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure by age 18 3140 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.11 [‐0.18, ‐0.04]
1.7.1 Less than 35 years of age 8 452 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.22 [‐0.43, ‐0.02]
1.7.2 35 years and older 10 2688 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.09 [‐0.17, ‐0.02]
1.8 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by age 17 3039 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.20 [‐0.33, ‐0.07]
1.8.1 Less than 35 years of age 7 351 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.46 [‐0.81, ‐0.10]
1.8.2 35 years and older 10 2688 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.09 [‐0.16, ‐0.01]
1.9 Change in systolic blood pressure by age 9 2651 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.17 [‐1.99, ‐0.35]
1.9.1 Less than 35 years of age 3 142 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.34 [‐4.55, ‐0.13]
1.9.2 35 years and older 6 2509 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.98 [‐1.87, ‐0.10]
1.10 Change in diastolic blood pressure by age 9 2651 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.73 [‐2.79, ‐0.67]
1.10.1 Less than 35 years of age 3 142 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.22 [‐5.68, ‐2.76]
1.10.2 35 years and older 6 2509 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.60 [‐1.19, ‐0.02]
1.11 Final value in systolic blood pressure by age 12 630 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.93 [‐3.72, ‐0.14]
1.11.1 Less than 35 years of age 6 363 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.48 [‐3.57, 0.62]
1.11.2 35 years and older 6 267 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.28 [‐6.77, 0.21]
1.12 Final value in diastolic blood pressure by age 11 529 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.46 [‐2.82, ‐0.11]
1.12.1 Less than 35 years of age 5 262 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.39 [‐3.67, 0.89]
1.12.2 35 years and older 6 267 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.52 [‐3.52, 0.48]
1.13 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 10 2757 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.96 [‐1.77, ‐0.16]
1.13.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.70 [‐6.33, 2.93]
1.13.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 6 839 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.76 [‐1.75, 0.22]
1.13.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 4 1860 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.34 [‐2.80, 0.13]
1.14 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 10 2757 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.04 [‐1.84, ‐0.23]
1.14.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.40 [‐1.90, 4.70]
1.14.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 6 839 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐2.49, 0.11]
1.14.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 4 1860 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.24 [‐2.29, ‐0.19]
1.15 Change in systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 7 2580 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.04 [‐1.88, ‐0.21]
1.15.1 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 5 758 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.89 [‐1.90, 0.12]
1.15.2 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 3 1822 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.37 [‐2.86, 0.12]
1.16 Change in diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 7 2580 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.46 [‐2.49, ‐0.43]
1.16.1 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 5 758 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.86 [‐3.68, ‐0.03]
1.16.2 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 3 1822 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.32 [‐2.54, ‐0.10]
1.17 Final value in systolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 5 279 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.77 [‐5.48, 1.93]
1.17.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.70 [‐6.33, 2.93]
1.17.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 3 183 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.17 [‐8.54, 4.20]
1.17.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 1 38 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐8.93, 8.93]
1.18 Final value in diastolic blood pressure by basal calcium intake 5 279 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐3.25, 0.87]
1.18.1 Calcium Intake below 600 mg a day 1 58 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.40 [‐1.90, 4.70]
1.18.2 Calcium Intake from 600 to less than 800 mg a day 3 183 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.18 [‐4.60, 0.25]
1.18.3 Calcium intake above 800 mg a day 1 38 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.00 [‐6.72, 4.72]
1.19 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure by dose 18 3140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐1.93, ‐0.45]
1.19.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake 3 302 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.02 [‐2.23, 2.20]
1.19.2 1000 ‐ 1500 of calcium intake 9 2488 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.05 [‐1.91, ‐0.19]
1.19.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake 7 350 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.79 [‐4.71, ‐0.86]
1.20 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by dose 17 3039 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.49 [‐2.35, ‐0.63]
1.20.1 Diary calcium intake less than 1000 mg 2 201 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.41 [‐2.07, 1.25]
1.20.2 Diary calcium intake 1000‐1250 mg 8 1017 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.03 [‐3.44, ‐0.62]
1.20.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more 8 1821 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.35 [‐2.75, 0.05]
1.21 Change in systolic blood pressure by dose 9 2651 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.17 [‐1.99, ‐0.35]
1.21.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake 2 201 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.00 [‐2.87, 2.87]
1.21.2 1000‐1500 of calcium intake 7 2418 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.14 [‐2.01, ‐0.27]
1.21.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake 1 32 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.70 [‐10.58, ‐0.82]
1.22 Change in diastolic blood pressure by dose 9 2651 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.73 [‐2.79, ‐0.67]
1.22.1 Diary calcium intake less than 1000 mg 2 201 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.41 [‐2.07, 1.25]
1.22.2 Diary calcium intake 1000‐1500 mg 6 947 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.11 [‐3.67, ‐0.56]
1.22.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more 2 1503 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.15 [‐4.59, 0.29]
1.23 Final value in systolic blood pressure by dose 11 581 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.23 [‐2.85, 0.40]
1.23.1 Less than 1000 mg of calcium intake 2 140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.11 [‐3.44, 3.21]
1.23.2 1000‐1500 of calcium intake 3 123 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [‐3.06, 5.16]
1.23.3 1500 mg or more of calcium intake 6 318 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.25 [‐4.34, ‐0.16]
1.24 Final value in diastolic blood pressure by dose 10 480 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.23 [‐2.65, 0.19]
1.24.1 Diary calcium intake less than 1000 mg 1 53 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.50 [‐7.28, 0.28]
1.24.2 Diary calcium intake 1000‐1500 mg 3 109 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.65 [‐5.37, 2.07]
1.24.3 Diary calcium intake 1500 mg or more 6 318 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.82 [‐2.73, 1.10]
1.25 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure by duration 18 3140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐1.93, ‐0.45]
1.25.1 Less than 6 months 13 766 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.63 [‐2.72, ‐0.53]
1.25.2 6 months or more 5 2374 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.83 [‐1.83, 0.17]
1.26 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by duration 17 3039 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.43 [‐2.23, ‐0.63]
1.26.1 Less than 6 months 12 665 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐2.16 [‐3.34, ‐0.98]
1.26.2 6 months or more 5 2374 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.43 [‐1.03, 0.17]
1.27 Mean difference in systolic blood pressure by intervention type 18 3140 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.19 [‐1.93, ‐0.45]
1.27.1 Supplementation 16 3001 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.26 [‐2.02, ‐0.50]
1.27.2 Fortification 2 139 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.09 [‐3.11, 3.29]
1.28 Mean difference in diastolic blood pressure by intervention type 17 3039 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.43 [‐2.23, ‐0.63]
1.28.1 Supplementation 16 3001 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.45 [‐2.27, ‐0.63]
1.28.2 Fortification 1 38 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.00 [‐6.72, 4.72]