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. 2022 Jan 10;13:46. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27751-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Forest plots and treatment effect statistics for clinical validation studies in the VUMC SD (red squares) and NIH All of Us Research Program (blue circles) databases. a Hyperlipidemia clinical validation studies. b Hypertension clinical validation studies. Plotted are biomarker changes after drug exposure, represented as point estimates (95% CI) from linear mixed models. Drugs with point estimates plotted to the right of 0 indicate that individuals had lower biomarker measurements after drug exposure. Drugs with point estimates plotted to the left of 0 indicate that individuals had elevated biomarker measurements after drug exposure. Two-tailed P values were calculated using linear mixed models. “**“ are drugs with replicated treatment effects in the All of Us study at P < 0.05. “*“ are drugs that reduced biomarker levels (i.e., negative point estimates) in the All of Us study with P > 0.05 and had 95% CIs that overlapped with the 95% CIs from the VUMC SD study. VUMC Vanderbilt University Medical Center, SD Synthetic Derivative, N number of individuals, NIH National Institutes of Health, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 95% CI 95% confidence interval.