Fig. 7. Micro-CT and histological analysis on osseointegration between bone tissue and screw.
A Micro-CT 3D reconstructed images and (B) quantitatively evaluating the peri-implant bone generation according to the BMD, BV/TV, Tb.Sp, Tb.Th and Tb.N (B n = three biologically independent samples per group, by a one-way ANOVA with a Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons). C–E Calcein-Alizarin Red staining for the newly formed bone and (D) quantitative staining analysis; Van Gieson and bone implant contact (BIC). F Maximum fixation force in different groups determined by pull-out testing. G Schematic of the bone regeneration mechanism by enabling M2 phenotype switching and osteoinductivity (D–F n = 3 independent samples per group, by a one-way ANOVA with a Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons). Data are reported as mean ± SD; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Exact P values were given in the Source Data file.