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. 2022 Jan 10;12:3. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04194-8

Table 2.

Developmental outcomes in preterm and term infants at 18-month-old.

Preterm infants  Term infants F-value p-value Post hoc (p < .05)
VP MLP Term
M SD Range M SD Range M SD Range
KSPD (n = 12) (n = 14) (n = 21)
Postual-Moter 105 16 87–151 107 13 91–135 102 15 63–129 0.58 0.565
Cognitive-Adaptation 101 15 70–121 111 7 99–127 109 10 81–122 3.11 0.055
Language-Social 92 12 59–116 109 10 93–124 103 11 75–120 6.78 0.003 VP < MLP, VP < Term
ECBQ (n = 10) (n = 9) (n = 21)
Effortful Control 4.07 0.53 3.27–4.69 4.53 0.54 3.96–5.52 4.21 0.53 2.84–5.07 1.86 0.170
Inhibitory Control 2.64 0.98 1.00–4.17 3.85 0.98 2.50–5.44 3.15 1.08 1.00–5.00 3.26 0.049 VP < MLP
Attention Shifting 4.34 0.49 3.75–5.09 4.89 0.74 4.10–6.25 4.72 0.72 3.64–6.73 1.73 0.191
Low-intensity Pleasure 4.41 0.58 3.45–5.18 4.78 0.69 3.80–5.82 4.65 0.58 3.45–5.80 0.95 0.396
Cuddliness 4.97 0.73 4.08–6.08 4.84 0.30 4.42–5.25 4.71 0.89 2.25–6.00 0.41 0.664
Attention Focusing 4.08 1.46 1.75–7.00 4.37 1.29 3.12–7.00 3.76 0.80 2.67–5.50 1.01 0.373

VP = very preterm; MLP = moderate-to-late preterm; KSPD = Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development; ECBQ = The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire.