Table 3.
Clinical characteristic of COVID-19 patients, (n = 4043)
| Variables | n (%) | Antibiotic use^ | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms of presentation | Cough | 1620 (40.1) | 457 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
| Fever | 1565 (38.7) | 433 (27.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Sore throat | 713 (17.6) | 149 (20.9) | 0.005 | |
| Rhinorrhoea | 550 (13.6) | 104 (18.9) | 0.272 | |
| Dyspnoea | 284 (7.0) | 142 (50.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Diarrhoea | 279 (6.9) | 100 (35.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Myalgia | 217 (5.4) | 52 (24.0) | 0.007 | |
| Malaise | 183 (4.5) | 72 (38.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Anosmia | 155 (3.8) | 10 (6.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Headache | 154 (3.8) | 26 (16.9) | 0.898 | |
| Arthralgia | 114 (2.8) | 29 (25.4) | 0.019 | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 100 (2.5) | 38 (38.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Ageusia | 38 (0.9) | 3 (7.9) | 0.125# | |
| Abdominal pain | 36 (0.9) | 13 (36.1) | 0.003 | |
| Chest pain | 50 (1.2) | 21 (42.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Skin rash | 9 (0.2) | 2 (22.2) | 0.659# | |
| Conjunctivitis | 9 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.374# | |
| Wheezing | 6 (0.1) | 3 (50.0) | 0.104# | |
| Ear pain | 5 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.168# | |
| Haemorrhage | 3 (0.1) | 3 (100.0) | < 0.005# | |
| Clinical severity stage on admission# | Stage 1 | 1634 (40.4) | 64 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 1487 (36.8) | 244 (16.4) | ||
| Stage 3 | 644 (15.9) | 186 (28.9) | ||
| Stage 4 | 221 (5.5) | 145 (69.0) | ||
| Stage 5 | 57 (1.4) | 51 (17.1) | ||
| Worst clinical stage# | Stage 1 | 1345 (33.3) | 16 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Stage 2 | 1347 (33.3) | 154 (11.4) | ||
| Stage 3 | 896 (22.2) | 200 (22.3) | ||
| Stage 4 | 287 (7.1) | 166 (60.1) | ||
| Stage 5 | 168 (4.2) | 157 (93.5) | ||
| Out of normal range FBC (on admission) | White blood cells (n = 3661) | 302 (8.3) | 111 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (n = 3661) | 146 (4.0) | 65 (9.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Hematocrit (n = 3638) | 2486 (68.3) | 271 (39.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Platelets (n = 3661) | 417 (11.4) | 102 (14.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Neutrophil count (n = 3548) | 413 (11.6) | 152 (21.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Lymphocyte count (n = 3573) | 141 (4.0) | 55 (7.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Out of normal range renal function test (on admission) | Serum creatinine (n = 3493) | 2025 (58.0) | 367 (52.6) | 0.005 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (n = 3505) | 678 (19.3) | 228 (32.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Sodium (n = 3507) | 469 (13.4) | 230 (33.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Potassium (n = 3500) | 855 (24.4) | 186 (26.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Out of normal range CRP (n = 2522) | 346 (13.7) | 188 (26.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Use of anti-fungal agents | 50 (1.2) | 40 (80.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Use of anti-malarial agents | 1935 (47.9) | 570 (29.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Use of anti-viral agents | 1020 (33.6) | 549 (53.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Oxygen therapy | 459 (11.4) | 329 (71.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Corticosteroid therapy | 124 (3.1) | 108 (87.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Admission to ICU/HDU | 192 (4.8) | 176 (91.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Duration of hospitalization, median (IQR) | 11.00 (9.00) | < 0.001§ | ||
| Patient outcome | Alive | 3966 (98.1) | 631 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
| Death | 77 (1.9) | 67 (87.0) | ||
#1: asymptomatic, 2: symptomatic, no pneumonia, 3: symptomatic, pneumonia, 4: symptomatic, pneumonia, requiring supplemental oxygen, 5: critically ill with multi-organ involvement
IQR interquartile range; FBC full blood counts; CRP C-reactive protein; ICU Intensive Care Unit; HDU High Dependency Unit
^ Antibiotic use during hospitalization
# Fisher's Exact test
* Chi-Square test
§ Mann–Whitney U test