Table 2. In-hospital treatment, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic data and clinical outcomes of 196 patients with COVID-19.
| In-hospital treatment | Total (n=196) | Non-CV complication (n=142) | CV complication (n=54) | P -value |
| Inotropic, No. (%) | 39 (19.9) | 23 (16.2) | 16 (29.6) | 0.035* |
| Lopinavir / Ritonavir, No. (%) | 70 (35.7) | 52 (36.6) | 18 (33.3) | 0.668 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, No. (%) | 157 (80.1) | 109 (76.8) | 48 (88.9) | 0.057 |
| Azithromycin, No. (%) | 28 (14.3) | 21 (14.8) | 7 (13) | 0.744 |
| Remdesivir, No. (%) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.9) | 0.276 |
| Clopidogrel, No. (%) | 31 (15.8) | 20 (14.1) | 11 (20.4) | 0.281 |
| Heparin, No. (%) | 133(67.9) | 96 (67.6) | 37 (68.5) | 0.903 |
| Furosemide, No. (%) | 102 (52) | 68 (47.9) | 34 (63) | 0.059 |
| Interferon, No. (%) | 79 (40.3) | 56 (39.4) | 23 (42.6) | 0.687 |
| angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, No. (%) | 26 (13.3) | 20 (14.1) | 6 (11.1) | 0.583 |
| Aspirin, No. (%) | 53 (27) | 29 (20.4) | 24 (44.4) | 0.001* |
| Novel oral anticoagulant, No. (%) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (1.9) | 0.276 |
| Antibiotics, No. (%) | 42 (21.4) | 31 (21.8) | 11 (20.4) | 0.824 |
| Atazanavir, No. (%) | 58 (29.6) | 38 (26.8) | 20 (37) | 0.159 |
| Electrocardiographic findings | ||||
| QRS complex abnormality, No. (%) | 28 (14.3) | 21 (14.8) | 7 (13) | 0.744 |
| ST-segment changes, No. (%) | 39 (19.9) | 21 (14.8) | 18 (33.3) | 0.004* |
| QT interval abnormality, No. (%) | 9 (4.6) | 6 (4.2) | 3 (5.6) | 0.709 |
| QT interval duration, median (IQR), millisecond | 402 (360-443) | 402 (360-434) | 405 (354-468.75) | 0.676 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LV Dilation, No. (%) | 22 (11.2) | 16 (11.3) | 6 (11.1) | 0.975 |
| LV hypertrophy, No. (%) | 24 (12.2) | 16 (11.3) | 8 (14.8) | 0.499 |
| LV diastolic dysfunction, No. (%) | 72 (36.7) | 45 (31.7) | 27 (50) | 0.018* |
| H.F with preserved EF, No. (%) | 14 (7.1) | 6 (4.2) | 8 (14.8) | 0.024* |
| LV systolic dysfunction, No. (%) | 65 (33.2) | 48 (33.8) | 17 (31.5) | 0.758 |
| LV EF, No. (%) | 45 (35-50) | 45 (35-50) | 42.5 (30-50) | 0.300 |
| RV systolic dysfunction, No. (%) | 25 (12.8) | 19 (13.4) | 6 (11.1) | 0.670 |
| Valvular dysfunction, No. (%) | 122 (62.2) | 88 (62) | 34 (63) | 0.898 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation, No. (%) | 13 (6.6) | 12 (8.5) | 1 (1.9) | 0.118 |
| Other valvular dysfunctions, No. (%) | 109 (55.6) | 76 (53.5) | 33 (61.1) | 0.339 |
| Pulmonary hypertension, No. (%) | 27 (13.8) | 20 (14.1) | 7 (13) | 0.839 |
| Pericardial effusion, No. (%) | 25 (12.8) | 15 (10.6) | 10 (18.5) | 0.136 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Severe cases, No. (%) | 126 (64.3) | 85 (59.9) | 41 (75.9) | 0.036* |
| ICU admission, No. (%) | 98 (50) | 63 (44.4) | 35 (64.8) | 0.011* |
| ICU stay, median (IQR), day | 0.5(0-10) | 0 (0-9) | 5.5 (0-10.25) | 0.032* |
| Hospitalization, median (IQR), day | 9.5 (6-15) | 9 (6-14) | 11 (6-18) | 0.144 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 50 (25.5) | 33 (23.2) | 17 (31.5) | 0.237 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 59 (30.1) | 40 (28.2) | 19 (35.2) | 0.339 |
| Mortality | 60 (30.8) | 42 (29.8) | 18 (33.3) | 0.631 |
| readmission | 13 (6.7) | 8 (5.7) | 5 (9.3) | 0.354 |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricle; HF, heart failure; EF, ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle; ICU, intensive care unit
P < 0.05