Table 2. Dietary intake of women 20-50 years old across tertiles of PRAL, NEAP and DAL.
| Variable * |
All
participants |
≤-7.91
N=101 |
PRAL
-7.91< to 3.15 N=103 |
3.15<
N=102 |
P value † |
≤37.29
N=102 |
NEAP
37.29<to46.67 N=101 |
46.67<
N=103 |
P value † |
≤31.86
N=102 |
DAL
31.86<to43.49 N=102 |
43.49<
N=102 |
P value † |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2175.60 ± 690.70 | 2375.10 ± 659.39 | 2011.57 ± 738.11 | 2143.69 ± 625.86 | 0.001 | 2168.75 ± 685.44 | 2277.60 ± 725.06 | 2082.36 ± 653.28 | 0.12 | 2388.06 ± 635.98 | 1931.42 ± 714.80 | 2207.32 ± 646.86 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g) | 77.31 ± 29.80 | 75.56 ± 15.76 | 74.62 ± 15.61 | 81.77 ± 15.53 | 0.002 | 73.21 15.43 | 77.16 ± 15.46 | 81.52 ± 15.51 | 0.001 | 75.48 ± 15.84 | 75.47 ± 15.94 | 80.99 ± 15.63 | 0.016 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 330.95 ± 110.41 | 345.21 ± 32.42 | 329.31 ± 32.24 | 318.48 ± 31.98 | <0.001 | 339.88 ± 33.29 | 329.74 ± 33.13 | 323.28 ± 33.15 | 0.002 | 348.68 ± 31.88 | 324.57 ± 32.08 | 319.60 ± 31.37 | <0.001 |
| Total fat(g) | 65.55 ± 25.34 | 61.67 ± 14.45 | 67.14 14.39 | 67.79 ± 14.22 | 0.005 | 62.25 ± 14.52 | 65.75 ± 14.55 | 65.65 ± 14.50 | 0.96 | 60.09 ± 14.22 | 68.80 ± 14.32 | 67.77 ± 14.02 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 199.03 ± 129.42 | 167.32 ± 113.45 | 210.33 ± 112.95 | 219.01 ± 111.89 | 0.003 | 177.85 ± 113.91 | 204.26 ± 113.35 | 214.87 ± 113.36 | 0.056 | 157.85 ± 112.30 | 220.64 ± 112.90 | 218.59 ± 110.48 | <0.001 |
| SAFA(g) | 21.56 ± 9.69 | 19.87 ± 6.42 | 22.66 ± 6.38 | 22.13 ± 6.35 | 0.006 | 20.99 ± 6.35 | 21.98 ± 6.42 | 21.72 ± 6.38 | 0.53 | 19.21 ± 6.35 | 22.94 ± 6.35 | 22.54 ± 6.25 | <0.001 |
| MUFA(g) | 20.70 ± 8.55 | 19.75 ± 5.52 | 21.13 ± 5.47 | 21.22 ± 5.44 | 0.11 | 20.89 ± 5.44 | 20.72 ± 5.52 | 20.49 ± 5.47 | 0.86 | 19.20 ± 5.44 | 21.54 ± 5.44 | 21.36 ± 5.345 | 0.004 |
| PUFA(g) | 15.58 ± 7.41 | 14.56 ± 5.82 | 15.36 ± 5.77 | 16.83 ± 5.75 | 0.019 | 15.70 ± 5.85 | 15.19 ± 5.82 | 15.84 ± 5.88 | 0.70 | 14.38 ± 5.85 | 16.01 ± 5.85 | 16.34 ± 5.75 | 0.043 |
| Whole grain(g) | 125.56 ± 84.06 | 120.71 ± 81.02 | 121.54 ± 80.71 | 134.44 ± 79.91 | 0.39 | 113.89 ± 79.61 | 126.53 ± 79.91 | 136.18 ± 79.90 | 0.13 | 127.64 ± 81.02 | 113.76 ± 81.42 | 135.29 ± 79.71 | 0.16 |
| Refined grain(g) | 378.84 ± 145.00 | 347.04 ± 142.26 | 368.87 ± 141.65 | 420.41 ± 140.35 | 0.001 | 324.46 ± 137.82 | 392.62 ± 138.35 | 419.20 ± 138.30 | 0.0001 | 343.63 ± 143.17 | 381.49 ± 143.88 | 412.42 ± 140.85 | 0.002 |
| Fruits(g) | 373.95 ± 223.63 | 505.78 ± 192.96 | 368.03 ± 192.15 | 249.38 ± 190.29 | <0.001 | 511.89 ± 187.97 | 361.06 ± 188.65 | 249.98 ± 188.50 | 0.0001 | 498.05 ± 195.74 | 370.02 ± 196.85 | 253.76 ± 192.61 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables(g) | 365.49 ± 214.77 | 488.58 ± 186.14 | 339.31 ± 185.25 | 269.36 ± 183.63 | <0.001 | 473.92 ± 187.47 | 345.57 ± 188.14 | 277.64 ± 187.99 | <0.001 | 478.64 ± 189.18 | 345.50 ± 190.19 | 272.33 ± 186.16 | <0.001 |
| Dairy(g) | 505.01 ± 271.90 | 486.25 ± 267.06 | 535.77 ± 265.97 | 492.52 ± 263.44 | 0.35 | 497.22 ± 262.74 | 543.00 ± 263.65 | 475.48 ± 263.53 | 0.18 | 474.44 ± 266.98 | 547.66 ± 268.39 | 492.93 ± 262.64 | 0.13 |
| Meat & alternative(g) | 96.54 ± 56.24 | 80.17 ± 53.71 | 92.41 ± 53.43 | 116.91 ± 52.97 | <0.001 | 80.87 ± 53.27 | 93.91 ± 53.51 | 114.63 ± 53.43 | <0.001 | 76.13 ± 53.88 | 100.74 ± 54.18 | 112.74 ± 52.97 | <0.001 |
| Beans & nuts(g) | 43.34 ± 33.16 | 40.92 ± 31.32 | 43.63 ± 31.23 | 45.43 ± 30.87 | 0.58 | 43.51 ± 30.97 | 43.00 ± 31.124 | 43.49 ± 31.02 | 0.99 | 40.83 ± 31.37 | 42.95 ± 31.58 | 46.23 ± 30.87 | 0.45 |
| Fiber(g) | 17.53 ± 9.86 | 22.08 ± 6.42 | 16.52 ± 6.38 | 14.05 ± 6.35 | <0.001 | 21.26 ± 6.55 | 17.06 ± 6.55 | 14.30 ± 6.59 | <0.001 | 22.03 ± 6.45 | 16.53 ± 6.45 | 14.07 ± 6.35 | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1216.84 ± 482.62 | 1224.02 ± 280.31 | 1195.26 ± 279.05 | 1231.54 ± 276.46 | 0.61 | 1250.22 ± 274.85 | 1227.33 ± 275.89 | 1173.51 ± 275.70 | 0.12 | 1215.92 ± 281.20 | 1202.77 ± 282.72 | 1231.84 ± 276.66 | 0.75 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3223.66 ± 1417.65 | 3902.18 ± 725.18 | 3090.08 ± 722.06 | 2686.70 ± 715.17 | <0.001 | 3828.73 ± 728.19 | 3185.07 ± 730.81 | 2662.32 ± 730.48 | <0.001 | 3862.11 ± 737.67 | 3126.95 ± 741.61 | 2681.94 ± 725.67 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 1000.14 ± 410.05 | 1027.83 ± 283.42 | 1009.84 ± 282.29 | 962.94 ± 279.59 | 0.23 | 1032.46 ± 277.67 | 1026.79 ± 278.71 | 942.01 ± 278.54 | 0.036 | 1029.62 ± 284.63 | 997.64 ± 286.05 | 973.18 ± 279.99 | 0.36 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 264.99 ± 111.91 | 299.92 ± 62.04 | 255.28 ± 61.75 | 240.22 ± 61.14 | <0.001 | 295.12 ± 61.34 | 264.70 ± 61.54 | 235.44 ± 61.54 | <0.001 | 295.02 ± 62.96 | 261.28 ± 63.26 | 238.68 ± 61.95 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 5149.55 ± 2857.11 | 4756.80 ± 2524.65 | 5332.50 ± 2513.60 | 5353.70 ± 2489.70 | <0.001 | 4647.03 ± 2477.59 | 5353.92 ± 2486.50 | 5446.78 ± 2485.51 | 0.043 | 4714.22 ± 2527.34 | 5399.97 ± 2540.66 | 5334.46 ± 2486.17 | 0.10 |
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; DAL, dietary acid load; SAFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids
*Data are mean ± SD.
†All P-values resulted from analysis of ANCOVA, except for energy. P-values for energy resulted from ANOVA. Significant differences among the three tertiles (P < 0.05; Bonferroni pairwise comparisons were done).