Table 1.
Demographics and subjective symptomatology in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy control (HC) groups.
| TBI (N = 16) |
HC (N = 17) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD or N (%) | Range | Mean ± SD or N (%) | Range | p-value | |
| Age (years) | 37.1 ± 13.6 | 21–65 | 39.0 ± 13.4 | 20–67 | t(31) = 0.41, p = .68 |
| Sex (male) | 12 (75.0%) | 13 (76.5%) | Χ2(1, 33) = 0.01, p = .92 | ||
| Years of education | 17.1 ± 2.7 | 11–21 | 16.8 ± 1.9 | 14–19 | t(31) = −0.33, p = .74 |
| Living independently | 16 (100%) | 17 (100%) | Χ2(1, 33) = 0.00, p = 1.0 | ||
| Employed at the moment of the study | 12 (75%) | 14 (82.4%) | Χ2(1, 33) = 0.27, p = .61 | ||
| Hours of employment (per week) | 29.3 ± 10.0 | 8–40 | 35.9 ± 5.6 | 24–40 | t(24) = 2.12, p = .045 |
| Medication, yes | 4 (29%) | 4 (24%) | Χ2(1, 33) = 0.01, p = .92 | ||
| Psycho-active medication | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Time since injury (months) | 25 ± 2.2 | 6–71 | – | – | |
| Post-traumatic amnesia (days) | 8.7 ± 11.9 | 0–30 | – | – | |
| Loss of consciousness (hours) | 49 ± 99.9 | 0–336 | – | – | |
| Start time of the 2nd visit | 12:20 ± 2:25 | 8:30–17:00 | 13:03 ± 2:29 | 9:00–17:00 | t(31) = −0.83, p = .41 |
| Sleep quality (PSQI score) | 6.5 ± 3.4 | 1–13 | 4.8 ± 2.7 | 1–11 | t(31) = −1.57, p = .13 |
| Clinically significant (>5) | 10 (63%) | 5 (29%) | |||
| Trait Fatigue (FSS score) | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 1.4–6.3 | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 1.2–4.9 | t(31) = −2.09, p = .045 |
| Clinically significant (≥4) | 8 (50%) | 3 (18%) | |||
| Depression (HADS score) | 6.2 ± 4.4 | 1–14 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | 0–8 | t(22.7) = −3.02, p = .006 |
| Clinically significant (≥8) | 7 (43.8%) | 1 (6%) | |||
| Anxiety (HADS score) | 6.2 ± 2.4 | 2–10 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 0–8 | t(31) = −3.40, p = .002 |
| Clinically significant (≥8) | 5 (31.3%) | 1 (6%) | |||
| SD, standard deviation; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. | |||||