Table 5.

Effects of dietary supplementation of phytobiotics as a strategy to control Salmonella in poultry.

Target Species	Phytobiotic	Procedure	Main Results	Ref.
Cobb broiler chicks	Garlic extract	Five consecutive days of garlic extract orally administered (200 mm/)mL 24 h later of Salmonella infection	In vitro inhibition of S. Typhimurium. S. Papuana, S. Inganda, S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. Molade, S. Tamale, S. Labadi (Minimum inhibitory concentration of 40–100 mg/)mL. Decrease in mortality and increase in body weight in supplemented chickens and challenged against S. Typhimurium	[73]
Cobb X Cobb broilers	Capsaicin	Inclusion of purified capsaicin (10 ppm), capsaicin oleoresin in finisher diet of S. Enteritidis challenged birds (5 or 20 ppm), or prophylactic use for prevention of S. Typhimurium infection (5 or 20 ppm)	Reduction in S. Enteritidis colonization in liver/spleen and ceca when used purified capsaicin. Inclusion of 5 ppm reduced S. Enteritidis colonization in ceca and decreased cecal lamina propia thickness. Prophylactic use of capsaicin induced resistance to S. Typhimurium	[74]
20 d old Ross X Ross broilers	Plant-derived trans-Cinnamaldehyde (TC) and Eugenol (EG)	Birds were supplemented with TC (0.5 or 0.75%) or EG (0.75 or 1%) and inoculated with S. Enteritidis on day 8	Both TC and EG reduced S. Enteritidis colonization of the cecum after 10 d of infection. TC did not affect feed intake and body weight; meanwhile, body weight was lower in EG supplemented birds	[75]
One-day-old male Cobb × Cobb broilers	Essential oil blend (carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, lemon)	Essential oil blend was administrated in drinking water to chicks (0–7 and 35–42 day), and a half of birds were challenged against S. Heidelberg	An inclusion of 0.05% of the essential oil blend reduced S. Heidelberg colonization in crops of challenged birds, but no effect was observed when 0.025 or 0.015% concentrations were used. The essential oil also lowered feed conversion ratio and improved weight gain	[76]
1 d old male broiler Cobb 500 chicks	Phytogenic feed additive based in essential oils (Carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamic aldehyde)	Chickens were supplemented with 0.5 or 1% of the additive and monitored for the total bacterial count in bed samples on day 42	Total bacterial count in bed samples was reduced by 1% of inclusion of the feed additive, and total erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin content increased, while lymphocyte counts decreased	[77]
Ross 308 chickens	Commercial phytobiotic based on a mix of essential oils Intebio (garlic, lemon, thyme, and eucalyptus)	Administration of the phytobiotic mixture since 1 d old and challenge against S. Enteritidis at day 19	One day post infection, genes AvBD10, IL6, IL8L2, CASP6, and IRF7 were upregulated, and their expression was lower at day 23 in the infected birds. Intebio did not involve a pronounced change in microbiota but an earlier suppression of inflammatory reaction	[78]
Cobb broiler chickens	Propyl propane Thiosulfonate derived from garlic (PTS-O)	Feed inclusion of PTS-O (45 or 90 mg/kg of diet)	Both concentrations of the compound resulted in lower number of copies (log10) of ileal Salmonella sp., crop Enterobacteria, and Escherichia coli. Feed–gain ratios were improved as well as ileal villus height, width and surface area, mucosal thickness, and muscular layer thickness	[79]
Dekalb hens	Capsaicin	Two levels supplementation of the capsaicin (18 and 36 ppm). Hens were challenged against S. Enteritidis on day 25	Salmonella liver and spleen invasion was reduced when hens were supplemented with 36 ppm of capsaicin. Capsaicin also increased the deposition of red pigment in egg yolk	[67]
Ross 308 broiler chicks	Sanguinarine, oregano.	Birds were supplemented with the phytobiotics and their combination con probiotic strains and challenged on day 2 against S. Typhimorium	Phytobiotics improved growth performance and gut health through the mitigation of the negative effect of the disease	[80]
Ross 308 broiler chicks	Commercial mixture of 7 plant extracts (oregano, eucalyptus, thyme, garlic, lemon, rosemary, and sweet orange)	Three presentations of phytobiotic mixture (Mix-Oil Mint, Mix-Oil Liquid, Sangrovit Extra) were administrated to birds infected with S. Typhimorium	Supplemented and Salmonella challenged birds exhibited growth performance and improvements in meat characteristics comparable with their counterpart treated with the antibiotic avilamycin	[81]