Table 6.

Studies on bacteriophage therapy for Salmonella infections in poultry.

Target Species	Description b	Phage Application c	Results	Ref.
One-day-old chicken	Oral challenge S. Enteritidis PT4 108 CFU/bird	Single oral application of phage cocktail (CNPSA1, CNPSA3, and CNPSA4) 1011 PFU	Reduction in 3.5 orders of magnitude of CFU of S. Enteritidis PT4 per gram of cecal content	[87]
6-week-old chickens	Oral challenge S. Gallinarum 5 × 108 CFU/mL	Bacteriophage CJø01 as food additive at 106 PFU/kg	Reduction from 30% to 5% of mortality	[88]
One-day-old chickens	Challenge with S. Enteritidis by oral gavage (0.25 mL) 9 × 103 CFU/chick	Cocktail of 4 bacteriophages (CB4φ) from commercial broiler houses; cocktail of 45 bacteriophages (WT45φ) from wastewater treatment plants; 108 PFU/chick	Short time (24–48 h) prevention of colonization. No long-term effect	[89]
36-day-old chickens	Challenge with S. Enteritidis, 1 mL of 108 CFU/mL	Cocktail of three bacteriophages (151, 25, and 10) against S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Typhimurium, by oral gavage, 109 and 1011 PFU/ml	Reduction of 2–4 log units of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium after 1011 PFU/ml	[90]
33-day-old quails	Oral challenge, 100 mL S. Enteritidis, 1.2 × 109 CFU/ml	Single Salmonella lysing phage (PSE), 109 PFU/mL 100 µL by oral beverage for 2 days	100% clearance of S. Enteritidis from tonsils after 6 h of treatment	[91]
One-day-old chickens	Oral challenge, 0.5 mL of S. Typhimurium, 2.4 × 105 or 7.9 × 105 CFU/mL	Bacteriophage cocktail (S2a, S9, S11), 106 PFU/bird at days 4–6 and 8–10 of age. Supplementation with commercial probiotic	10-fold reduction of S. Typhimurium in ileum, ceca, liver, and spleen. Synergism with the probiotic	[92]
Ten-day-old chickens	Oral challenge, S. Enteritidis 9.6 × 105 CFU/mL	Cocktail of three bacteriophages from sewage system, 103 PFU by coarse spray or drinking water, 24 h prior to bacterial challenge	Reduction from 5.67 (control) to 4.04 (aerosol) and 4.25 (drinking water) log10 CFU/mLof S. Enteritidis	[93]
One-day-old chickens	Oral challenge, 2.5 × 105 CFU/mLof S. Enteritidis	Cocktail of three phages () 108 PFU//mLdose by aerosol at 6 days of age. Probiotic supplementation	Reduction of 100% of mortality	[94]
One-day-old chickens	Oral challenge, S. Enteritidis, 5 × 108 CFU/mL	Bacteriophage CJ07, 105, 107, 109 PFU/g, 21 days after challenge	Higher titers reduced replication of the pathogen in the digestive tract	[95]
Three-day-old, specific pathogen-free chickens	Oral challenge, S. Typhimurium 105 CFU/animal (10 times the lethal dose)	Cocktail of three bacteriophages (UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78, UAB_Phi87) lytic against S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. 1010 PFU/animal. Treatment from day-1 to 15 post infection	Reduction in 2–4.4 log10 of S. Typhimurium. Repeated administration of the cocktail maintained bacteriophage titers by 104–105 PFU/g cecal content	[96]
14-day-old broiler chickens	No challenge, prevalence evaluation in a large-scale study (more than 69,000 chicks)	SalmoFREE®, commercial cocktail of six bacteriophages in drinking water, 1 × 108 PFU/mL	Reduction to 0% of prevalence in cloacal swabs, PCR detection	[97]
70-day-old broiler chickens	Feed challenge, S. Enteritidis 107 CFU/g food	Bacteriophage KCTC 12012BP, 108 PFU/g food	Reduction of the prevalence of S. Enteritidis in cloacal swabs, liver/spleen samples, and ceca	[98]
Two-week-old chickens	Feed challenge, S. Typhimurium, 1 × 108 CFU/g food	Bacteriophages STP4-a, 109 PFU/g food; pre-treated 7 days before bacterial challenge, treated 14 days after bacterial challenge	Pretreatment eliminated S. Typhimurium; treatment reduced bacterial counts in 2 log10 units	[99]
One-day-old chickens	Oral gavage challenge, S. Enteritidis, 6 × 106 CFU	Bacteriophage cocktail (BRM 13312, BRM 13313, BRM 13314) 6.8 × 1010 PFU/broiler. Early treatment (days 6–10 post-infection), late treatment (days 31–35 post-infection)	Later treatment was more effective, reducing by 1.08 log10 CFU/g cecal content.	[100]
One-day-old broiler chickens	Oral challenge, 0.1 mLat 108 CFU/,mL S. Kentucky	Oral administration, 0.1 mL at 108 PFU/mL	Reduction in 1.76 to 2.6 log10 units. No significant difference if bacteriophages were administrated before or after challenge	[101]

Modified from Wernicki et al., 2017; CFU—colony-forming units; PFU—plaque-forming units.