Table 1.

Multiplex electrochemical aptasensors based on quantum dots, metal compound semiconductor NPs, and metal ions.

Analytes	Method	LOD/Range	Signal Tags	Ref.
thrombin, lysozyme	SWSV	both analytes: 20 ngL−1/20–500 ng L−1	QDs nanocrystal: CdS, PbS	[48]
adenosine, thrombin	ASV	adenosine: 8.8 × 10−12 M/1 × 10−11–2.0 × 10−9 M, thrombin: 7.6 × 10−13 M/1.0 × 10−12–3.0 × 10−10 M	CdS, PbS	[49]
ATP, cocaine	SWV	ATP: 30 nM, cocaine: 50 nM	CdS, PbS	[50]
CAP, PCB-72	SWV	CAP, PCB-72: 0.3 pgmL−1/0.001–100 ngmL−1	Cd2+ and Pb2+ encoded MSPEIs	[51]
CAP, PCB-72	SWSV	CAP: 0.33 pg mL−1, PCB72: 0.35 pg mL−1/0.001–100 ng mL−1	CdS, PbS	[52]
OTC, KANA	SWV	OTC: 0.18 pM, KANA: 0.15 pM/0.5 pM–50 nM	NMOF labelled Pb2+ or Cd2+	[53]
STR, CAP, TET	SWASV	STR: 10 nM, CHL: 5 nM, TET: 20 nM	PbS, CdS, ZnS QDs	[54]
CAP, OTC	SWV	CAP: 0.15 ngmL−1, OTC: 0.10 ngmL−1/0.0005ng–50 ngmL−1	Cd2+ or Pb2+ encoded MHPs	[55]
KANA, CAP	SWV	KANA: 0.16 pM, CAP: 0.19 pM	NMOF labelled Pb2+ or Cd2+	[56]
CAP, OTC	SWV	CAP: 33 fM, OTC: 48 fM	NMOF labelled Pb2+ or Cd2+	[57]
OTA, FB1	SWV	OTA: 5 pgmL−1, FB1: 20 pgmL−1 OTA: 10 pgmL−1–10 ngmL−1, FB1: 50 pgmL−1–50 ngmL−1	CdTe or PbS QDs coated silica	[58]
CEA, mucin-1	DPV	both analytes: 3.3 fM/0.01 pM-100 nM	Au/BSA nanospheres loading Pb2+, Cd2+	[59]
KANA, STR	DPV	KANA: 74.50 pM, STR: 36.45 pM/0.1–100 nM	CdS, PbS	[60]
CEA, AFP	DPV	CEA: 1.8 pg mL−1, AFP: 0.3 pg mL−1	Au@Cu2O and Au@Ag	[61]
miRNA 155, miRNA 122	DPV	miRNA 155: 6.7 fM, miRNA 122: 1.5 fM/0.01–1000 pM	AgNCs@AuNPs:Cu2O@AuNPs	[62]
haemophilia A-related microRNAs:miR-1246 and miR-4521	DPV	miR-1246: 0.19 fM, miR-4521: 0.28 fM/1 fM–1 µM	QDs@ZIF-8: PbS@ZIF-8 and CdS@ZIF-8	[63]
KANA, AMP	SWV	KANA: 18 fM, AMP: 15 fM/0.05 pM–50 nM	apoferritin loading Cd2+, Pb2+	[64]
AFP, CEA, PSA	SWV	CEA: 3.6 × 10−4 ng mL−1, AFP: 3,4 × 10−4 ng mL−1, PSA: 2.8 × 10−4 ng mL−1	PDA-Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+-LMO	[42]

AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; AgNCs@AuNPs, Au@Ag, Au@Cu2O, Cu2O@AuNPs, shell encoded gold nanoparticles; AMP, ampicillin; ASV, anodic stripping voltammetry; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Au, gold; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; BSA, bovine serum albumin; CAP, chloramphenicol; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; FB1, fumonisin B1; KANA, kanamycin; LMO, LaMO3 perovskite; MHPs, magnetic hollow porous nanoparticles; miR-1246 and miR-4521, haemophilia A-related microRNAs; MSPEIs, nanospherical branched polyethylene imine brushes; NMOF, nanoscale metal organic framework; OTA, ochratoxin A; OTC, oxytetracycline; PCB-72, polychlorinated biphenyl-72; PDA, polydopamine; PSA, prostate specific antigen; QDs, quantum dots; QDs@ZIF-8, heavy metals quantum dots-encapsulated metal-organic frameworks; STR, streptomycin; SWASV, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry; SWSV, square-wave stripping voltammetry; SWV, square wave voltammetry; TET, tetracycline; and ZIF-8, zeolitic imidazolate framework.