Figure 12.

Overview of the study of B. tomentosa Linn flower extract-derived biogenic AgNPs. Biosynthesized AgNPs (change in the color (brown to yellow) of the solution over time when aqueous plant extract was added to a AgNO₃ solution). Biophysical characterization of biosynthesized AgNPs by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM confirmed the nature of AgNPs. Biochemical and cellular analyses confirmed the antioxidant (dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity) and antimicrobial (antibacterial (Gram-positive (G⁺) and Gram-negative (G⁻)) and antifungal) properties of the biogenic AgNPs. Molecular modelling and docking studies indicated the possible antimicrobial activity mechanism of the biogenic AgNPs: inhibition of key enzymes such as DNA gyrase, cytochrome P450, and dihydrofolate reductase.