Table 1.
Studies demonstrating the recovery of bacteria from the local draining lymph nodes following infection.
| Bacteria | Infection Route | Model | Mechanisms of Transit to Local Draining Lymph Nodes | Recovery of Bacteria from Other Lymphatic Sites | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bacillus anthracis (spores) |
Aerosol, ID, IP | Rhesus macaque | Unknown | Efferent lymph | Lincoln, R.E. 1965; [24] |
| Escherichia coli | OG | Mouse | Unknown | None investigated | Balmer, M. 2014; [29] |
| Francisella tularensis | IN | Mouse | Extracellular and intracellular within dendritic cells | None investigated | Bar-Haim, E. 2008; [30] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IM | Mouse | Unknown | Distant draining lymph nodes | Siggins, M.K. 2019; [23] |
| Listeria monocytogenes | IG, FB Footpad |
Mouse | Unknown, influence of bacterial E-cadherin ligand Unknown |
None investigated | Bou Ghanem, E. 2012; [31] St. John, A.L. 2009; [32] |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Aerosol | Mouse Cynomolgus and Rhesus macaque |
Unknown | None investigated | Chackerian, A.A. 2002; [33] Ganchua, S.K. 2018; [34] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IM Footpad |
Mouse | Unknown | Distant draining lymph nodes None investigated |
Siggins, M.K. 2019; [23] Kastenmüller, W. 2012; [35] |
| Salmonella Abortusovis | SC (oral) | Sheep | Free extracellular or associated with monocytes and granulocytes | Afferent lymph | Bonneau, M. 2006; [16] |
| Salmonella Typhimurium | OG Footpad |
Sheep Mouse |
Free extracellular or associated with dendritic cells Unknown |
Afferent lymph None investigated |
Bravo-Blas, A. 2019; [25] St. John, A.L. 2009; [32] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | IM | Mouse | Unknown | None investigated | Bogoslowski, A. 2018; [36] |
| Streptococcus agalactiae | IM | Mouse | Unknown, influence of capsule | Distant draining lymph nodes | Siggins, M.K. 2021; [unpublished] |
| Streptococcus pyogenes | IM | Mouse | Free extracellular, influence of HA capsule and LYVE-1 interaction | Distant draining lymph nodes and efferent lymph None investigated |
Siggins, M.K. 2020; [21] Lynskey, N.N. 2015; [39] |
| Yersinia pestis | ID Footpad |
Mouse | Unknown but not dependent on neutrophils or dendritic cells Free extracellular independent of phagocytes Free extracellular and in mononuclear phagocytes |
None investigated Afferent lymphatic Distant draining lymph node and efferent lymphatic |
Shannon, J.G. 2013; [28] Gonzalez, R.J. 2015; [26] St. John, A.L. 2014; [15] |
FB: foodborne; ID: intradermal; IG: intragastric; IM: intramuscular; IN: intranasal; IP: intraperitoneal; OG: oral gavage; SC: subcutaneous.