Table 2.
Items of parent survey to identify parenting practice.
| Monitoring |
| How much do you keep track of the sweets (candy, ice cream, cake pastries) that your child eats? |
| How much do you keep track of the sugary drinks (soda/pop, Kool-Aid) your child drink? |
| How much do you keep track of the snack foods (potato chips, Doritos, cheese puffs) that your child eats? |
| How much do you keep track of the high-fat foods (fried foods, french fries) that your child eats? |
| How much do you keep track of the fruits and vegetables your child eats? |
| I like to be sure that my child does not eat too many sweets (candy, ice cream, cake or pastries). |
| I like to be sure that my child does not eat too many high-fat foods. |
| I intentionally keep some foods out of my child’s reach. |
| Reasoning |
| How often do you say something positive about the food that your child is eating? |
| How often do you tell your child how tasty a new food is? |
| How often do you reason with your child to get him/her to eat (e.g., ‘Milk is good for your health because it will make you strong’)? |
| How often do you tell your child that healthy food tastes good? |
| How often do you compliment your child for eating food (e.g., ‘What a good boy! You’re eating your vegetables’)? |
| How often do you encourage your child to try to eat healthy foods such as vegetables? |
| I make comments on my eating behaviors/food choices when I am with my child (e.g., ‘I’ll be healthy and have vegetables’). |
| I try to influence my child’s food preferences by verbally stating my own (e.g., ‘I love carrots, they’re one of my favorites’). |
| I verbally encourage my child to copy my eating behaviors. |
| I tend to talk more often about foods I would like my child to eat. |
| I try to talk more often about foods I would like my child to eat. |
| I explain my food choices verbally to my child (e.g., ‘I think I’m going to have some fruit, as I like it and it’s good for me’). |
| Modeling |
| My child has picked up eating behaviors from me which I have not intentionally encouraged him or her to copy (e.g., putting ketchup on most foods, or eating vegetables first). |
| When I show my child I enjoy fruits and vegetables, he or she tries them. |
| My child is more likely to try or eat new foods if I eat the new foods with him or her. |
| My child is more likely to try new foods he or she has seen me eating. |
| My child asks to try foods from my plate which he or she sees me eating. |
| How much do you keep track of the milk or foods with calcium, like cheese and yogurt, your child consumes? |
| How much do you keep track of foods labeled as whole grain that your child eats? |
| Copying |
| My child has picked up eating behaviors from me which I had tried to hide from him or her (e.g., avoiding certain foods). |
| My child has copied eating habits from me which I did not realize I had (e.g., salting my food before I taste it). |
| If I point out certain eating behaviors or foods I like or don’t like, my child is more likely to copy them. |
| The eating behaviors of other family members influence what my child eats. |
| My child has picked up eating behaviors from me which I had tried to hide from him or her (e.g., avoiding certain foods). |
| Authoritative |
| I know exactly when things are not going very well for my child. |
| When my child is sad, I know what is going on with him or her. |
| I feel good about the relationship I have with my child. |
| My child and I have warm affectionate moments together. |
| I know exactly when my child has difficulty with something. |
| I find time to talk with my child. |
| I spend a lot of time with my child. |
| I easily find a way to make time for my child. |
| I attend as many of my children’s events and activities as possible. |
| I find it interesting and educational to be with my child for long periods. |
| Every free minute I have I spend with my child. |
| I always help my child with everything he/she does. |
| Roles/Expectation |
| I expect my child to follow our family rules. |
| I have clear expectations for how my child should behave. |
| I have clear expectations for how my child should behave. |
| I make sure that my child understands what I expect of him or her. |
| I teach my child to follow rules. |
| Authoritarian |
| I make sure my child is aware of how much I sacrifice for him or her. |
| I make my child feel guilty when he or she does not meet my expectations. |
| When my child hurts my feelings, I stop talking to him/her until he or she pleases me again. |
| I teach my child to stay in control of his or her feelings at all times. |
| I do not allow my child to question my decisions. |
| When I ask my child to do something, I expect him/her to do it immediately without any questions. |
| I let my child know that I am the boss in our house. |
| I do not allow my child to get angry with me. |
| When my child has lost something, I stop what I am doing to find it before he/she gets too upset. |
| I do not let my child get involved in activities or tasks where he/she may potentially fail. |
| Neglecting |
| I have a hard time consistently enforcing rules with my child. |
| I do not always follow through when I threaten to discipline my child. |
| I threaten discipline more often than I actually give it. |
| When I discipline my child, I sometimes end the punishment early. |
| There are times I just do not have energy to make my child behave as he or she should. |
| When my child does something that is not allowed, I do not talk to him or her until he or she says he or she is sorry. |
| I am less friendly with my child if he or she does not see things my way. |