Table 4.

Effects of antioxidants during semen storage on spermatozoa quality of avian species.

Antioxidant	Species	Antioxidant Concentration	Semen Storage Type	Outcomes of Antioxidant Supplementation	References
Vitamin E (VE)	Chicken	2; 4; 8; 12;16; 20; 40 µg/mL	Liquid	Does not improve motility; improves fertility rate (8 µg/mL)	[4]
	Turkey	1; 2; 5; 10; 20; 40; 80 µg/mL	Liquid	Maintains sperm membrane integrity and motility	[36]
	Turkey	10; 40 µg/mL	Liquid	Does not improve sperm viability and MDA level	[8]
Vitamin E (VE) + selenium (Se)	Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus)	8 mg/mL VE; 1 mg/mL Se	Liquid	Increases sperm motility, positively affects sperm morphology	[37]
Glutathione (GSH)	Turkey	0.5; 1; 2 mM	Liquid	Increases sperm motility (1, 2 mM); enhances plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity, total antioxidant activity and decreases LPO (2 mM)	[18]
	Chicken	0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases viability, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, total and progressive motility, fertility rate; decreases MDA level (2, 4 mM)	[61]
Trehalose	Turkey	5; 75; 100 mM	Liquid	Improves sperm motility, DNA integrity, plasma membrane integrity and functionality, and oxidative stress (75 mM)	[18]
Caffeine	Turkey	0.07812; 0.15625; 0.3125; 0.625; 1.25; 2.5; 5; 7.5; 10 mg/mL	Liquid	Stimulates sperm motility and progressive motility (0.15625 to 7.5 mg/mL); does not improve sperm viability	[39]
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)	Chicken	5; 15 mM	Liquid	Improves sperm motility, progressive motility, kinetic parameters, and viability (15 mM)	[40]
	Chicken	5 mM	Cryopreservation	Improves mitochondrial activity and sperm motility; enhances sperm plasma membrane integrity and protects against apoptosis	[57]
Catalase (CAT)	Chicken	100; 300 U/mL	Liquid	Improves sperm viability	[40]
	Chicken	50; 100; 200; 300 µg/mL	Cryopreservation	Improves sperm motility and viability, decreases MDA level (100 µg/mL)	[58]
L-carnitine (LC)	Chicken	0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8 mM	Liquid	Increases motility, viability, and membrane functionality, decreases LPO, enhances fertility rate (1, 2 mM)	[41]
	Chicken	1; 5 mM	Cryopreservation	Protects against apoptosis, LPO, and DNA fragmentation; increases mitochondrial potential (1 mM)	[77]
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)	Chicken	1; 2; 5; 10 µM	Liquid	Increases sperm motility and progressive motility, membrane functionality, viability, mitochondrial potential and decreases LPO (5 µM); increases fertility rate (2, 5 µM)	[46]
Lycopene	Turkey	0.05; 0.1 mg/mL	Liquid	Protects sperm viability and decreases MDA levels	[47]
Lycopene—loaded liposomes	Chicken	0.1; 0.2; 0.3 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility and progressive motility, viability, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, GPx activity, and TAC; decreases MDA level and apoptosis; enhances fertilizing rate (0.2 mM)	[72]
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)	Chicken	200 U/ml	Cryopreservation	Reduces LPO in sperm cell membranes; enhances sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, and protects sperm against apoptosis	[57]
	Chicken	50; 100; 200; 300 U/mL	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility and viability (50 U/mL)	[58]
Mito-TEMPO	Chicken	0.5; 5; 50; 500 μM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility, membrane functionality, mitochondrial potential, acrosome integrity and viability, decreases LPO, late apoptotic-like changes, DNA fragmentation and hydrogen peroxide content; improves fertility rate (5, 50 μM)	[63]
Quercetin	Chicken	0.005; 0.01; 0.02; 0.04 mg/mL	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility, membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity, viability, protects morphology, increases GPx, SOD, CAT activity, decreases MDA level and ROS production, DNA fragmentation (0.01 mg/mL)	[64]
	Indian red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi)	5; 10; 15; 20 mM	Cryopreservation	Improves sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability, acrosome integrity, chromatin condensation, mitochondrial activity and TAC; decreases MDA level (15 mM)	[65]
Melatonin (ME)	Chicken	1 mM; 1 μM; 1 nM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity; decreases LPO, apoptosis, protects against DNA fragmentation (1 mM; 1 μM)	[70]
	Chicken	0.125; 0.25; 0.5 mg/mL	Cryopreservation	Improves sperm motility, membrane and acrosome integrity, augments antioxidant activity of enzymes and reduced oxidative stress (0.25 mg/mL)	[69]
Ellagic acid—loaded liposomes	Chicken	0.5; 1; 2 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility, progressive motility, viability, membrane functionality, mitochondrial activity, decreases apoptosis and MDA level; increases TAC and GPx, SOD activity (1 mM)	[73]
Alpha-lipoic acid loaded lipid nanoparticles	Chicken	10; 20; 30; 40; 50 μM	Cryopreservation	Increases total and progressive motility, protects membrane integrity, mitochondria activity, viability and against apoptosis; decreases MDA level, and increases GPx, SOD activity and TAC (30 μM)	[74]
Ergothioneine (ERG)	Chicken	0.01; 0.02; 0.04; 0.06; 0.08; 0.1; 0.5; 1; 5 mM	Cryopreservation	Decreases sperm motility (0.01 to 0.04 mM); decreases MDA	[76]
Cysteamine (AET)	Chicken	0.001; 0.002; 0.004; 0.006; 0.008; 0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5 mM	Cryopreservation	Decreases sperm motility (0.001 and 0.004 mM); decreases MDA	[76]
Serine (SER)	Chicken	1; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 15; 20 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases motility sperm membrane integrity and fertility rate; decreases MDA (4 mM)	[76]
Taurine (T)	Chicken	1; 10 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility, 1 mM protects plasma membrane integrity, against apoptosis and DNA fragmentation; reduces LPO	[77]
Hypotaurine (HT)	Chicken	1; 10 mM	Cryopreservation	Increases sperm motility; reduces LPO	[77]