Table 7.
Predictors for coping among the study population (based on BRCS score).
| Characteristics | Low (Score 4–13) | Medium to High (Score 14–20) | Unadjusted Analyses | Adjusted Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | p | ORs | 95% CIs | p | AORs | 95% CIs | |
| Age groups | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| 19–23 years | 146 | 62.4 | 88 | 37.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 24–28 years | 51 | 54.8 | 42 | 45.2 | 0.209 | 1.37 | 0.84–2.22 | 0.218 | 1.56 | 0.77–3.14 |
| Gender | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Male | 43 | 52.4 | 39 | 47.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 154 | 62.9 | 91 | 37.1 | 0.096 | 0.65 | 0.39–1.08 | 0.030 | 0.47 | 0.24–0.93 |
| Marital status | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Married | 26 | 54.2 | 22 | 45.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Unmarried | 170 | 61.2 | 108 | 38.8 | 0.362 | 0.75 | 0.41–1.39 | 0.481 | 0.77 | 0.37–1.60 |
| Family types | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Nuclear family | 160 | 60.2 | 106 | 39.8 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Joint family | 37 | 60.7 | 24 | 39.3 | 0.942 | 0.98 | 0.55–1.73 | 0.774 | 0.91 | 0.47–1.76 |
| Living status | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Live without family members | 9 | 81.8 | 2 | 18.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Live with family members | 82 | 54.3 | 69 | 45.7 | 0.095 | 0.26 | 0.06–1.26 | 0.051 | 0.16 | 0.03–1.01 |
| Live in own house | 3 | 42.9 | 4 | 57.1 | 0.556 | 1.58 | 0.34–7.32 | 0.424 | 2.02 | 0.36–11.4 |
| Live in shared house | 9 | 56.3 | 7 | 43.8 | 0.882 | 0.92 | 0.33–2.61 | 0.977 | 1.02 | 0.31–3.33 |
| Live in hostel | 94 | 66.2 | 48 | 33.8 | 0.038 | 0.61 | 0.38–0.97 | 0.018 | 0.51 | 0.29–0.89 |
| Perceived safety of living place in relation to COVID-19 | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Unsafe | 27 | 54 | 23 | 46 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Safe | 170 | 61.4 | 107 | 38.6 | 0.328 | 0.74 | 0.40–1.36 | 0.227 | 0.64 | 0.31–1.32 |
| Year of Dental education | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| 1st year | 46 | 67.6 | 22 | 32.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 2nd year | 28 | 50.9 | 27 | 49.1 | 0.061 | 2.02 | 0.97–4.20 | 0.161 | 1.82 | 0.79–4.20 |
| 3rd year | 61 | 62.2 | 37 | 37.8 | 0.475 | 1.27 | 0.66–2.43 | 0.663 | 0.84 | 0.39–1.83 |
| 4th year | 62 | 58.5 | 44 | 41.5 | 0.226 | 1.48 | 0.78–2.81 | 0.493 | 0.74 | 0.31–1.75 |
| Financial contribution to family | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Fully dependent on family | 189 | 60.8 | 122 | 39.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Part of earning goes to family | 8 | 50 | 8 | 50 | 0.394 | 1.55 | 0.57–4.24 | 0.893 | 1.08 | 0.34–3.49 |
| COVID-19 impacted financial situation | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No impact | 55 | 67.1 | 27 | 32.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes, impacted positively | 35 | 64.8 | 19 | 35.2 | 0.785 | 1.11 | 0.54–2.28 | 0.974 | 1.01 | 0.44–2.34 |
| Yes, impacted negatively | 106 | 55.8 | 84 | 44.2 | 0.084 | 1.61 | 0.94–2.78 | 0.245 | 1.46 | 0.77–2.77 |
| Perceived current social life | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Dissatisfied | 104 | 57.8 | 76 | 42.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Satisfied | 93 | 63.3 | 54 | 36.7 | 0.313 | 0.79 | 0.51–1.24 | 0.890 | 1.04 | 0.60–1.80 |
| Smoking | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Never smoker | 190 | 61.1 | 121 | 38.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Ever smoker (Daily/Non-daily/Ex) | 7 | 43.8 | 9 | 56.3 | 0.174 | 2.02 | 0.73–5.56 | 0.462 | 1.62 | 0.45–5.82 |
| Infected with COVID-19 | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 143 | 63 | 84 | 37 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 35 | 54.7 | 29 | 45.3 | 0.140 | 1.27 | 0.92–1.76 | 0.093 | 1.39 | 0.95–2.04 |
| Infected with COVID-19 in the last 14 days | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 193 | 60.5 | 126 | 39.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 4 | 50 | 4 | 50 | 0.552 | 1.53 | 0.38–6.24 | 0.389 | 2.19 | 0.37–12.9 |
| Experienced symptoms of COVID-19 in the last 14 days | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 154 | 59.5 | 105 | 40.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 29 | 63 | 17 | 37 | 0.599 | 0.92 | 0.67–1.26 | 0.352 | 0.81 | 0.51–1.27 |
| Contact (indirect/direct) with COVID-19 cases | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 164 | 59 | 114 | 41 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Unsure | 23 | 74.2 | 8 | 25.8 | 0.106 | 0.50 | 0.22–1.16 | 0.096 | 0.42 | 0.15–1.17 |
| Yes | 10 | 55.6 | 8 | 44.4 | 0.774 | 1.15 | 0.44–3.01 | 0.729 | 1.24 | 0.37–4.12 |
| Experience related to the use of social media | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Do not use | 7 | 63.6 | 4 | 36.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Does not affect | 71 | 65.1 | 38 | 34.9 | 0.921 | 0.94 | 0.26–3.40 | 0.359 | 0.51 | 0.12–2.14 |
| Find it irritating | 119 | 57.5 | 88 | 42.5 | 0.688 | 1.29 | 0.37–4.56 | 0.815 | 0.85 | 0.21–3.45 |
| Feel positive about life | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Never | 19 | 76 | 6 | 24 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Quite often | 80 | 53.3 | 70 | 46.7 | 0.040 | 2.77 | 1.05–7.33 | 0.026 | 3.67 | 1.17–11.5 |
| Always positive | 98 | 64.5 | 54 | 35.5 | 0.264 | 1.74 | 0.66–4.63 | 0.084 | 2.83 | 0.87–9.20 |
| Faced difficulties in adopting distance learning | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 34 | 72.3 | 13 | 27.7 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 163 | 58.2 | 117 | 41.8 | 0.070 | 1.88 | 0.95–3.71 | 0.120 | 1.87 | 0.85–4.09 |
| Level of psychological distress (K10 categories) | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Low (score 10–15) | 34 | 65.4 | 18 | 34.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate to Very High (score 16–50) | 163 | 59.3 | 112 | 40.7 | 0.410 | 1.30 | 0.70–2.41 | 0.890 | 0.94 | 0.42–2.11 |
| Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories) | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| Low (score 7–21) | 97 | 55.1 | 79 | 44.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| High (score 22–35) | 100 | 66.2 | 51 | 33.8 | 0.041 | 0.63 | 0.40–0.98 | 0.131 | 0.66 | 0.38–1.13 |
| Healthcare service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 6 months | 197 | 130 | ||||||||
| No | 137 | 56.4 | 106 | 43.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 60 | 71.4 | 24 | 28.6 | 0.016 | 1.93 | 1.13–3.31 | 0.017 | 2.19 | 1.15–4.17 |
| Type of healthcare service used to overcome COVID-19 related stress in the last 6 months | ||||||||||
| Consulted a GP | 24 | 68.6 | 11 | 31.4 | 0.421 | 1.53 | 0.54–4.29 | 0.793 | 1.38 | 0.13–14.8 |
| Consulted a Psychologist | 16 | 84.2 | 3 | 15.8 | 0.210 | 0.42 | 0.11–1.63 | 0.662 | 0.56 | 0.04–7.40 |
| Consulted a Psychiatrist | 11 | 68.8 | 5 | 31.3 | 0.668 | 1.30 | 0.39–4.38 | 0.808 | 1.36 | 0.11–16.6 |
| Others | 3 | 75 | 1 | 25 | 0.925 | 0.89 | 0.09–9.14 | NA | NA | NA |
Adjusted for: age, gender, marital status, family types, living status, perceived safety of living, year of dental education, financial contribution to family, financial impact, perceived social life, smoking, infected with COVID-19 ever or in the last 14 days, COVID symptoms, contacts with COVID cases, experience related to social media use, feel positive about life, adopting distance learning, levels of psychological distress and fear, healthcare service use and types. Bold Italics indicated statistical significance in the table.