Table 6.

Recent studies on antimicrobial properties of PLA-based packaging films.

Active Agent	Processing Technique	Methodology	Antimicrobial Activity	References
Carvacrol and thymol	Extrusion	* Disk diffusion	S. aureus: 1.5–2.5; S. Thyphimurium: 0.7–0.8; L. monocytogenes: 0.9–0.8	[38]
Allium spp. extract	Cast Extrusion	** Dilution method	Bacteria: 0–4.9; Moulds: 0–3.9; Yeats: 0–3.9	[51]
β-CD inclusion complexes of thymol and carvacrol	Injection molding	* Vapor phase diffusion	A. alternate: 0–29.7 (5 days) and 0–69 (10 days)	[52]
Cinnamaldehyde	Casting	** Disk diffusion	L. innocua: 0–4; E. coli: 1–7	[79]
Bergamot, lemongrass, clove and rosemary essential oils	Casting	** Liquid culture test	E. coli: 2–3; B. subtilis: 3.5.	[49]
Copaifera multijuga oil	Coating	* Disk diffusion	B. subtilis: 20	[21]
Rosemary, caraway and fennel oils	Coating	Normative ASTM E 2180-07	S. aureus: 81–85%; E. coli: 66–70%	[84]
Propolis extract	Electrospinning	Direct contact	S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermis, B. cereus; P. mirabilis: Bactericidal effect (4 wt%)	[62]
Allium ursinum L. extract	Electrospinning	** Direct contact	E. coli: 5.9; S. aureus: 2.1	[65]
Cinnamaldehyde	scCO2 impregnation	Dynamic contact	E. coli; S. aureus: total inhibition	[18]
Thymol and CIN	scCO2 impregnation	Dynamic contact	E. coli; S. aureus: total inhibition	[17]

Results were expressed as: * Measurement of inhibition diameter in mm, and ** Logarithmic reduction.