Figure 3.

Effects of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Papaver rhoeas red (RA-Fr), Papaver nudicaule orange (NO-Fr), Papaver nudicaule scarlet (NS-Fr) on the expression of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-5. RAW264.7 cells were treated with each EtOAc fraction (12.5 and 25 μg/mL) and LPS (5 ng/mL) for 4 h. The expression level of each mRNA was analyzed by normalization to the GAPDH levels. Data are shown as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 imply statistically significant differences compared with the LPS only treated group.