Table 1.
Study population.
| Non-Frail | Pre-Frail | Frail | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total individuals n (%) | 111 (38.1) | 130 (44.7) | 50 (17.2) | |
| Age [years-old] a | 73.0 ± 5.9 [65–91] |
75.6 ± 6.7 [65–94] |
83.6 ± 7.0 [67–94] |
<0.001 c |
| Gender n (%) | 0.003 b | |||
| Males | 59 (53.2) | 49 (37.7) | 13 (26.0) | |
| Females | 52 (46.8) | 81 (62.3) | 37 (74.0) | |
| BMI [kg/m2] a | 24.9 ± 3.6 [22.2–45.0] | 28.8 ± 4.2 [20.3–42.2] | 28.2 ± 6.3 [16.2–47.9] | 0.249 c |
| Smoking habits n (%) | 0.569 b | |||
| Non-smokers | 75 (67.6) | 95 (73.1) | 37 (74.0) | |
| Ever smokers | 36 (32.4) | 35 (26.9) | 13 (26.0) | |
| Years smoking a | 25.0 ± 15.8 (0.5–57) |
23.7 ± 16.8 (1–67) |
26.9 ± 121.0 (2–66) |
0.836 c |
| Second-hand smokers n (%) | 0.376 b | |||
| No | 65 (58.6) | 82 (63.1) | 35 (70.0) | |
| Yes | 46 (41.4) | 48 (36.9) | 15 (30.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| No | 24 (21.6) | 62 (47.7) | 27 (54.0) | |
| Yes | 87 (78.4) | 68 (52.3) | 23 (46.0) | |
| Polypharmacy n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| No | 77 (69.4) | 61 (47.7) | 11 (22.0) | |
| Yes | 34 (30.6) | 67 (52.3) | 39 (78.0) | |
| No. drugs consumed/day a | 3.6 ± 2.5 (0–13) |
5.1 ± 2.6 (1–13) |
7.2 ± 3.4 (1–15) |
<0.001 c |
| Vitamin supplementation n (%) | 0.224 b | |||
| No | 109 (98.2) | 122 (93.8) | 47 (94.0) | |
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 8 (6.2) | 3 (6.0) | |
| Vaccination in the last year n (%) | 0.104 b | |||
| No | 30 (27.0) | 22 (16.9) | 8 (16.0) | |
| Yes | 81 (73.0) | 108 (83.1) | 42 (84.0) | |
| Nutrition n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| Normal nutrition status | 110 (99.1) | 115 (88.5) | 24 (48.0) | |
| At risk or malnourished | 1 (0.9) | 15 (11.5) | 26 (52.0) | |
| Functional status-BADL n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| No dependence | 98 (88.3) | 91 (70.0) | 13 (26.0) | |
| Dependence | 13 (11.7) | 39 (30.0) | 37 (74.0) | |
| Functional status-IADL n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| No dependence | 102 (91.9) | 96 (73.8) | 5 (10.0) | |
| Dependence | 9 (8.1) | 34 (26.2) | 45 (90.0) | |
| Falls in the last 6 months a
(self-reported) |
0.3 ± 1.2 (0–12) |
0.4 ± 0.9 (0–6) |
0.4 ± 0.7 (0–3) |
0.714 c |
a mean ± standard deviation (range); b Chi-square test (bilateral); c ANOVA test (bilateral). BADL: basic activities of daily living; BMI: body mass index; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living.