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CQ increases autophagy in oxidative stress-induced senescent hBM-MSCs. (A–C) Representative images from the immunoblot assay against SIRT1, AMPK, and phosphorylated AMPK. (D–G) Representative images from the immunoblot assay against autophagy markers, including LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, BECN1, and SQSTM1. Compound C (CC)—an AMPK inhibitor—was used. H2O2 (++) represents double-time treatment. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.
