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. 2021 Dec 28;19(1):282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010282

Figure 3.

Figure 3

SCFAs effects in immunological tolerance: induce gut dendritic cells (DC) to express retinal aldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH), with result in the production of retinoic acid that upregulates expression of the gut-homing integrins α4β7 on peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg); promote immune tolerance, regulate the antibody response through the production of IgA and IgM; stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IFNγ and IL-10, which induce the expansion of Treg cells and the suppression of proinflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) and Th2 cells; reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17.