Figure 1.

Timeline of the experimental protocol (in minutes) for isolated heart and kidney OM mitochondrial respiration experiments under different metabolic substrates at various Ca²⁺ concentrations. The mitochondria were added at t = 0 min and the substrates and ADP were added at t = 2 min and t = 4 min, respectively. Different concentrations of Ca²⁺, ranging from 250 µM to 800 µM, were added 1 min after reaching steady state 4 respiration, and this was followed by the addition of the same ADP concentration as the first ADP perturbation. D_S3: state 3 duration for the first ADP addition. PM: pyruvate + malate, GM: glutamate + malate, AM: alpha-ketoglutarate + malate, PCM: palmitoyl-l-carnitine + malate, SUC + ROT: succinate + rotenone.