Table 1.

Role of oxidative stress in glaucoma.

Publication	Study Model	Results
Moreno et al., 2004 [69]	Rat	Decreased total retinal superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in increased intraocular pressure induced by hyaluronic acid injection to the anterior chamber.
Ko et al., 2005 [70]	Rat	ROS level and activity of antioxidant enzymes increased in elevation of intraocular pressure by cauterization of 3 episcleral veins.
Tezel et al., 2005 [71]	Rat	Increased protein oxidation levels in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure by hypertonic saline injections into episcleral veins.
Harada et al., 2007 [72]	Mice	Glutamate/aspartate transporter knockout mice had decreased glutathione level and demonstrated pathological features of NTG.
Ferreira et al., 2010 [73]	Rat	ROS levels increased in elevation of intraocular pressure by cauterization of 2 episcleral veins.
Harada et al., 2010 [74]	Mice	Deficiency of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, an enzyme, leads to stress-induced RGCs apoptosis, preventing optic nerve degeneration in the NTG model.
Noro et al., 2019 [75]	Common marmoset	In the aged marmosets presented with glaucoma-like characteristics, increased expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the inner retina and blood, and decreased glutathione in blood were found.
Naguib et al., 2021 [76]	Mice	ROS levels increased up to 5 weeks following IOP elevation and inhibition of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene, which participated in antioxidation pathway, leading to earlier axon degeneration.