Table 3.

Role of oxidative stress in TON.

Publication	Study Model	Results
Levkovitch-Verbin et al., 2000 [140]	Mice	Overexpressing superoxide dismutase, which metabolized ROS, increased RGCs survival in eyes with crush injury of the optic nerve.
Lieven et al., 2006 [141]	Rat RGCs culture	Increased intracellular superoxide levels in retinal cell culture from rat eyes underwent optic nerve crush.
Fitzgerald et al., 2010 [131]	Rat	Increased oxidative stress associated enzyme (manganese superoxide dismutase) in the TON model with optic nerve transection.
Wells et al., 2012 [132]	Rat	Increased calcium flux and oxidative stress markers, and decreased catalase activity were found in TON model with optic nerve transection.
Ahmed et al., 2013 [133]	Mice	Increased intraocular ROS levels were found in TON mice induced by giving pressure posterior to the globe.
Szymanski et al., 2013 [137] O’Hare Doig et al., 2014 [138]	Rat	Increased ROS in secondary degeneration of TON in the model with partial optic nerve transection.
Bernardo-Colón et al., 2018 [124]	Mice	Increased retinal superoxide and decreased superoxide dismutases-2 in eyes injured by over-pressure air waves.