Table 2.
Characteristics among the 469 study sites that collected data on human subjects.
| Studies including human subjects [study sites n (%)] | 180 (38.4) | |
| Overarching topics assessed along with studies with human subjects | Intervention studies (includes also health outcomes) | 4 (2.2) |
| Health outcomes assessed (can include exposure or KAP) | 123 (68.3) | |
| Only exposure (can include KAP) | 49 (27.2) | |
| Only KAP assessed | 4 (2.2) | |
| Type of study population | ||
| Occupational | 108 (60) | |
| Environmental | 40 (22.2) | |
| Occupational and environmental | 29 (16.1) | |
| Self-inflicted poisoning | 3 (1.7) | |
| Study design | ||
| Cross-sectional | 151 (83.9) | |
| Prospective longitudinal | 18 (10) | |
| Retrospective | 6 (3.3) | |
| Case report | 5 (2.8) | |
| Age groups | ||
| Adults | 164 (91.1) | |
| Adults and children | 7 (3.9) | |
| Children | 9 (5) | |
| Gender of the study population | ||
| Both gender | 111 (61.7) | |
| Male only | 39 (21.7) | |
| Female only | 20 (11.1) | |
| Gender not assessed | 10 (5.6) | |
| Number of participants (median (range)) | ||
| Cross-sectional studies | 183 (7–1496) | |
| Prospective longitudinal studies | 310 (15–1461) | |
| Retrospective studies | 797 (96–7427) | |
| All health outcomes assessments | All health outcomes | 127 (70.6) |
| Analysis method of outcomes | ||
| Regression model to assess exposure/outcome | 36 (28.3) | |
| Significant positive associations observed | 28 (77.8) | |
| Descriptive reporting of outcomes | 77 (60.6) | |
| Model-based risks | 14 (11) | |
| Self-reported signs and symptoms of acute poisoning | 38 (29.9) | |
| Doctor-diagnosed pesticide poisoning | 24 (18.9) | |
| Neurological assessment | 17 (13.4) | |
| Reproductive health | 14 (11) | |
| Respiratory health | 11 (8.7) | |
| Unspecific human health risks | 12 (9.4) | |
| Kidney and/or liver problems | 6 (4.7) | |
| Other: Diabetes, hypertension, cancer | 1 (0.8) | |
| Assessment method | ||
| Self-reported | 58 (45.7) | |
| Objective measures | 41 (32.3) | |
| Doctor-diagnosed | 16 (12.6) | |
| Model-based risks | 12 (9.4) | |
| Human exposure assessments | All human exposure assessments | 171 (95) |
| Objective exposure markers and self-reported exposure data | 45 (26.3) | |
| Only objective exposure markers | 15 (8.8) | |
| Exposure algorithms based on self-reported data | 4 (2.3) | |
| Only self-reported exposure data | 107 (62.6) | |
| All matrices objective human exposure markers were assessed | 60 (35.1) | |
| Blood | 36 (60) | |
| Urine | 14 (23.3) | |
| Wristbands | 5 (8.3) | |
| Breast milk | 4 (6.7) | |
| Other | 5 (8.3) | |
| KAP | All knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) | 149 (82.8) |
| Training on pesticide use | 40 (26.8) | |