Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants by depression category (N = 51).
| Entire Sample (N = 51) |
Depression (N = 33) |
No Depression (N = 18) |
χ2 (df) | p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 7 | 13.7 | 3 | 16.7 | 4 | 12.1 | 0.20 (1) | 0.652 | |
| Female | 44 | 86.3 | 15 | 83.3 | 29 | 87.9 | |||
| Age | |||||||||
| 18–30 | 2 | 3.9 | 2 | 6.1 | 4.74 (3) | 0.192 | |||
| 31–45 | 9 | 17.6 | 8 | 24.2 | 1 | 5.6 | |||
| 46–60 | 26 | 51.0 | 14 | 42.4 | 12 | 66.7 | |||
| 61 or above | 14 | 27.5 | 9 | 27.3 | 5 | 27.8 | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Single | 25 | 49.0 | 20 | 60.6 | 5 | 27.8 | 5.44 (2) | 0.066 | |
| Married/In a relationship | 23 | 45.1 | 12 | 36.4 | 11 | 61.1 | |||
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 3 | 5.9 | 1 | 3.0 | 2 | 11.2 | |||
| Education level | |||||||||
| Elementary or below | 3 | 5.9 | 1 | 3.0 | 2 | 11.1 | 2.05 (2) | 0.358 | |
| High School/College | 19 | 37.2 | 14 | 42.4 | 5 | 27.8 | |||
| University and above | 29 | 56.9 | 18 | 54.5 | 11 | 61.1 | |||
| Housing | |||||||||
| Private | 32 | 62.7 | 19 | 57.6 | 13 | 72.2 | 3.72 (3) | 0.294 | |
| Home Ownership Scheme | 9 | 17.7 | 5 | 15.2 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
| Public | 7 | 13.7 | 6 | 18.2 | 1 | 5.6 | |||
| Others | 3 | 5.9 | 3 | 9.1 | |||||
| Living status | |||||||||
| Living alone/with PWD | 45 | 88.2 | 28 | 84.8 | 17 | 94.4 | 1.03 (1) | 0.309 | |
| Living with family/others | 6 | 11.8 | 5 | 15.2 | 1 | 5.6 | |||
| Occupation status | |||||||||
| Full-time | 22 | 43.1 | 13 | 39.4 | 9 | 50.0 | 1.44 (3) | 0.696 | |
| Part-time | 9 | 17.7 | 6 | 18.2 | 3 | 16.7 | |||
| Retired | 10 | 19.6 | 6 | 18.2 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
| Housewives/Others | 10 | 19.6 | 8 | 24.2 | 2 | 11.1 | |||
| Monthly personal income (HK$) | |||||||||
| <20,000 | 21 | 41.2 | 15 | 45.5 | 6 | 33.3 | 17.97 (3) | < 0.001 *** | |
| 20,000–39,999 | 15 | 29.4 | 12 | 36.4 | 3 | 16.7 | |||
| 40,000–59,999 | 7 | 13.7 | 6 | 18.2 | 1 | 5.6 | |||
| ≧60,000 | 8 | 15.7 | 8 | 44.4 | |||||
| Sufficient income for daily needs | |||||||||
| Yes | 39 | 76.5 | 23 | 69.7 | 16 | 88.9 | 2.38 (1) | 0.123 | |
| No | 12 | 23.5 | 10 | 30.3 | 2 | 11.1 | |||
| Family history of mood disorders | |||||||||
| Yes | 11 | 21.6 | 8 | 24.2 | 3 | 16.7 | 0.40 (1) | 0.530 | |
| No | 40 | 78.4 | 25 | 75.8 | 15 | 83.3 | |||
| Personal history of mood disorders | |||||||||
| Yes | 11 | 21.6 | 11 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | 7.65 (1) | 0.006 ** | |
| No | 40 | 78.4 | 22 | 66.7 | 18 | 100 | |||
| Relationship with PWD | |||||||||
| Husband/Wife | 6 | 11.8 | 5 | 15.2 | 1 | 5.6 | 1.49 (2) | 0.476 | |
| Parents | 39 | 76.4 | 25 | 75.8 | 14 | 77.8 | |||
| Others | 6 | 11.8 | 3 | 9.1 | 3 | 16.7 | |||
| Caring periods | |||||||||
| Below 5 years | 17 | 33.3 | 12 | 36.4 | 5 | 27.8 | 1.09 (2) | 0.296 | |
| 5–9 years | 23 | 45.1 | 13 | 39.4 | 10 | 55.6 | |||
| 10 years or above | 11 | 21.6 | 8 | 24.2 | 3 | 16.7 | |||
| Community aids (e.g., hiring helpers) | |||||||||
| Yes | 28 | 54.9 | 16 | 48.5 | 12 | 66.7 | 0.17 (1) | 0.678 | |
| No | 23 | 45.1 | 17 | 51.5 | 6 | 33.3 | |||
| Informal help (e.g., friends) | |||||||||
| Yes | 17 | 33.3 | 11 | 33.3 | 6 | 33.3 | 0 (1) | 1 | |
| No | 34 | 66.7 | 22 | 66.7 | 12 | 66.7 | |||
| Baseline Assessments | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t | p-Value | |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 19.76 | 11.69 | 26.03 | 9.54 | 8.28 | 3.80 | 7.55 | <0.001 *** | |
| Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) | 21.96 | 4.76 | 23.00 | 4.68 | 20.06 | 4.41 | 2.19 | 0.033 * | |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) | 6.86 | 5.21 | 9.21 | 4.08 | 2.56 | 4.26 | 5.49 | <0.001 *** | |
| Zarit Burden Scale (ZBI-22) | 40.78 | 17.05 | 47.94 | 12.90 | 27.67 | 16.13 | 4.91 | <0.001 *** | |
| Non-attachment Scale (NAS-7) | 30.33 | 5.87 | 28.27 | 5.54 | 34.11 | 4.50 | −3.83 | <0.001 *** | |
| modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) | 21.75 | 7.06 | 21.85 | 6.29 | 21.56 | 8.48 | 0.14 | 0.889 | |
| Instrumental | 10.12 | 4.17 | 10.24 | 3.41 | 9.89 | 5.40 | 0.29 | 0.776 | |
| Emotional | 11.63 | 3.72 | 11.61 | 3.66 | 11.67 | 3.94 | −0.06 | 0.956 | |
| Perceived Coping Efficacy—Impact | 1.83 | 0.73 | 2.03 | 0.66 | 1.48 | 0.74 | 2.72 | 0.009 ** | |
| Perceived Coping Efficacy—Confidence | 2.40 | 0.58 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 2.55 | 0.66 | −1.33 | 0.188 | |
Note. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 N = total number of participants; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; PWD = persons with Dementia. Chi-squares (χ2)/t-tests (t) comparing depression/non-depression groups. Depression group is defined by a total CES-D cut-off score of ≥16.