Table 2.

Clinical assessment scores in the COT group and VRT group

Upper limb assessment	COT group		VRT group		F	Time	Group
	Pre-test	Post-test	Pre-test	Post-test	Time x Group
FMA-UE
Shoulder/Elbow/Forearm	24.53 ± 7.87	24.87 ± 7.75	26.33 ± 4.94	27.53 ± 4.16β	8.895α	11.831α	1.045
Wrist	7.33 ± 8.13	8.00 ± 12.90β	8.13 ± 1.80	8.87 ± 1.92	0.028	17.441αα	1.036
Hand	8.53 ± 4.14	9.00 ± 4.14	10.20 ± 2.88	11.00 ± 2.54	1.750	9.645α	3.541
Coordination/Speed	4.07 ± 2.63	4.07 ± 2.63	4.73 ± 2.05	5.07 ± 2.09	4.375	4.375	1.264
Total	44.47 ± 16.60	45.53 ± 16.39β	49.40 ± 9.02	52.47 ± 9.11β	9.669α	42.422αα	1.768
AROM
Shoulder Flexion	139.00 ± 59.95	141.20 ± 59.53β	138.33 ± 24.47	150.93 ± 24.47ββ	17.975αα	54.218αα	0.065
Elbow Extension	7.07 ± 2.94	7.53 ± 3.00	8.60 ± 2.33	10.60 ± 3.50	3.130	10.162α	9.840α
Wrist Extension	38.73 ± 30.80	39.87 ± 31.00	39.00 ± 18.82	47.40 ± 19.87β	3.661	5.287α	0.161
Forearm Pronation	68.93 ± 16.23	70.73 ± 16.70	75.07 ± 13.48	78.53 ± 12.81β	1.316	22.323αα	4.699α
Forearm Supination	53.00 ± 30.39	53.47 ± 30.63	64.80 ± 18.96	68.73 ± 13.85	2.756	4.763α	3.197

^α, ^αα The effect of group and time examined by mixed model design ANOVA were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (p ≤ 0.001)

^β, ^ββ Comparison between pre-test and post-test examined by Wilcoxon signed rank test were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (p ≤ 0.001). COT: conventional occupational therapy; VRT Virtual reality training