. 2022 Jan 10;13:5. doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00483-1

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants (means, standard deviations, and ranges)

	Females (N = 25)	Males (N = 76)	Effects
Race	Black or African American: 1 White/Caucasian: 21 Asian or Pacific Islander: 1 Multiracial: 2	Black or African American: 5 White/Caucasian: 63 Asian or Pacific Islander: 2 Multiracial: 6	χ² = 1.99, p = .57
Maternal education	High school or less: 0.04% (n = 1) Bachelor’s or less: 36% (n = 9) Graduate degree: 40% (n = 10) Not reported: 20% (n = 5)	High school or less: 5.3% (n = 4) Bachelor’s or less: 60.5% (n = 46) Graduate degree: 31.6% (n = 24) Not reported: 2.6% (n = 2)	χ² = 2.14, p = .34

Females (N = 25)

Males (N = 76)

Effects

Race

Black or African American: 1

White/Caucasian: 21

Asian or Pacific Islander: 1

Multiracial: 2

Black or African American: 5

White/Caucasian: 63

Asian or Pacific Islander: 2

Multiracial: 6

χ² = 1.99, p = .57

Maternal education

High school or less: 0.04% (n = 1)

Bachelor’s or less: 36% (n = 9)

Graduate degree: 40% (n = 10)

Not reported: 20% (n = 5)

High school or less: 5.3% (n = 4)

Bachelor’s or less: 60.5% (n = 46)

Graduate degree: 31.6% (n = 24)

Not reported: 2.6% (n = 2)

χ² = 2.14, p = .34

			Effect of sex
Age (years)	10.66 (1.59) 8.6–14.1	10.15 (2.15) 6.1–15.1	p = .29 d = -.25
Full-Scale IQ	106.24 (11.88) 78–131	103.71 (14.83) 73–148	p = .44 d = − .18
Verbal IQ	106.64 (12.86) 79–134	105.00 (14.64) 71–150	p = .62 d = -.12
Non-verbal IQ	106.24 (13.76) 73–133	103.70 (14.87) 72–143	p = .45 d = − .17
ADOS-2 Total	10.92 (5.04) 3–23	11.89 (4.64) 4–24	p = .39 d = .20
ADOS-2 SA Total	8.28 (4.19) 3–17	9.21 (4.06) 3–19	p = .33 d = .23
ADOS-2 RRB Total	2.64 (1.87) 0–7	2.66 (1.65) 0–7	p = .96 d = .01
SCQ Total	19.96 (5.95) 8–31	19.29 (7.23) 5–38	p = .68 d = -.26
SRS-2 Total	78.04 (9.92) 57–91	71.01 (11.29) 46–90	p = .009* d = − .64
SRS-2 Social Awareness	74.48 (9.54) 58–90	68.36 (10.78) 45–90	p = .02* d = − .58
SRS-2 Social Cognition	74.04 (12.61) 49–90	67.99 (10.61) 48–90	p = .03* d = − .54
SRS-2 Social Communication	77.43 (10.57) 52–90	69.84 (11.90) 45–90	p = .008* d = − .65
SRS-2 Social Motivation	71.65 (11.64) 51–90	65.44 (11.92) 40–103	p = .03* d = − .52
SRS-2 Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behaviors	77.13 (12.16) 50–98	71.03 (11.98) 46–90	p = .03* d = − .51
SRS-2 Social Communication and Interaction	77.30 (9.78) 56–90	70.31 (11.12) 46–90	p = .009* d = − .65
VABS Communication Standard Score	87.40 (12.21) 65–108	86.92 (13.52) 62–125	p = .88 d = − .04
VABS Socialization Standard Score	73.60 (11.92) 58–112	77.22 (14.92) 36–119	p = .25 d = .27

Effect of sex

Age (years)

10.66 (1.59)

8.6–14.1

10.15 (2.15)

6.1–15.1

p = .29

d = -.25

Full-Scale IQ

106.24 (11.88)

78–131

103.71 (14.83)

73–148

p = .44

d = − .18

Verbal IQ

106.64 (12.86)

79–134

105.00 (14.64)

71–150

p = .62

d = -.12

Non-verbal IQ

106.24 (13.76)

73–133

103.70 (14.87)

72–143

p = .45

d = − .17

ADOS-2 Total

10.92 (5.04)

3–23

11.89 (4.64)

4–24

p = .39

d = .20

ADOS-2 SA

Total

8.28 (4.19)

3–17

9.21 (4.06)

3–19

p = .33

d = .23

ADOS-2 RRB

Total

2.64 (1.87)

0–7

2.66 (1.65)

0–7

p = .96

d = .01

SCQ Total

19.96 (5.95)

8–31

19.29 (7.23)

5–38

p = .68

d = -.26

SRS-2 Total

78.04 (9.92)

57–91

71.01 (11.29)

46–90

p = .009*

d = − .64

SRS-2 Social Awareness

74.48 (9.54)

58–90

68.36 (10.78)

45–90

p = .02*

d = − .58

SRS-2 Social Cognition

74.04 (12.61)

49–90

67.99 (10.61)

48–90

p = .03*

d = − .54

SRS-2 Social Communication

77.43 (10.57)

52–90

69.84 (11.90)

45–90

p = .008*

d = − .65

SRS-2 Social Motivation

71.65 (11.64)

51–90

65.44 (11.92)

40–103

p = .03*

d = − .52

SRS-2 Restricted Interests and Repetitive Behaviors

77.13 (12.16)

50–98

71.03 (11.98)

46–90

p = .03*

d = − .51

SRS-2 Social Communication and Interaction

77.30 (9.78)

56–90

70.31 (11.12)

46–90

p = .009*

d = − .65

VABS Communication Standard Score

87.40 (12.21)

65–108

86.92 (13.52)

62–125

p = .88

d = − .04

VABS Socialization Standard Score

73.60 (11.92)

58–112

77.22 (14.92)

36–119

p = .25

d = .27

ADOS-2 SA = Social Affect Domain Score; RRB = Repetitive Behaviors/Restricted Interests Domain Score

Chi-squared tests with Yates’ continuity correction were used to test for diagnostic group differences in sex ratio and maternal educational attainment. p values and Cohen’s d values for main effect of sex in the autism group are shown.