Table 10.

Complications of the transoral approach

Complication	Management
CSF leak	Avoid if possible Avoid aggressive resection of pannus Primary repair using graft Lumbar drain placement Re-exploration and repair
Tongue swelling	Keep endotracheal tube for 24 h to avoid respiratory distress
Infection	Preoperative nasogastric tube for draining gastric contents Feeding after 48–72 h Antibiotics for min 3 days
Wound breakdown	Tension-free closure Periodic wound inspection
Nutrition	High-protein diet Preoperative optimization

CSF – Cerebrospinal fluid